Musical Excellence Alone Won’t Save Your Organization—But Here’s What Will

Music Excellence Won't Save You. Nonprofit Music Success

Nonprofit music organizations—choirs, opera companies, & orchestras—often operate from a place of passion and artistic integrity. Yet increasingly, that’s not enough to keep them in operation. Despite celebrated performances and dedicated musicians, many organizations are hit by declining attendance, financial instability, and staff burnout. The truth is, artistic excellence alone cannot sustain your future. What does ensure longevity is excellence across four integrated pillars: musical, operational, inclusive, and financial. At Equity Sings, we call this the Built-to-Last Framework™, a strategy intended to help organizations to not  just survive, but thrive.

1. The Undercurrents of Crisis Across Musical Institutions

Opera: Post-pandemic Attendance Drops

OPERA America’s 2023 Field Report shows that ticket revenue remains about 20% below pre-pandemic levels, especially among larger companies, despite an increase in first-time attenders . Furthermore, AP News reports that the Metropolitan Opera sold only 72% of seats this spring—down from 75%—and now earns just 60% of potential ticket income. This drop, exacerbated by declining tourism, coincided with a $40 million endowment withdrawal

Orchestras: Rising Revenue, Worsening Deficits

While some orchestras are experimenting and seeing revenue upticks, the fundamental cost structure remains fragile. A 2024 New York Times piece noted that one orchestra grew revenue by 22% but still ended with a $3.8 million deficit due to operating inefficiencies . This disconnect between income growth and financial health is a wake-up call for orchestras who find themselves in similar situations.

Choirs: Meaningful & Uplifting, Struggling Sustainability

Chorus America’s 2019 Impact Study reports that over 54 million Americans sing in choruses, and that choir participation significantly reduces loneliness and promotes civic engagement . Yet many community and youth choirs struggle to attract younger singers and institutional support, leading to volunteer burnout and episodic programming.

2. Why Music Organizations Are Losing Ground

The Artistic-Only Trap

Focusing solely on artistic quality has led many to believe success naturally follows. But ticket sales are inexorably linked to relevance, not just merit. The Met and opera programs are examples of this, producing outstanding productions yet still showing dwindling attendance.

Operational and Administrative Gaps

Poor systems, outdated governance, and low staff capacity lead to burnout and poor audience experience. These inefficiencies erode trust and sustainability.

Inclusive Relevance Is Still Lacking

According to SMU DataArts (2023), only 52.8% of Americans see symphony orchestras as welcoming. Narrow programming and lack of representation deter potential audiences and donors .

Financial Fragility Persists

Baumol’s cost disease continues to drive up expenses. Without diversified revenue from ticketing, grants, sponsorships, and membership, organizations remain precarious .

3. The Built-to-Last Framework™

Success in any organization rests on four key pillars—yet many organizations struggle precisely in these foundational areas. We address these challenges holistically:

PillarFocus
Musical ExcellenceArtistic programming that resonates with community and audience needs
Operational ExcellenceScalable systems, governance, leadership clarity,  and staff well-being
Inclusive ExcellenceDiversity in programming, leadership, hiring, marketing,  and community outreach
Financial ExcellenceEarned income, donor growth, grants, and long-term financial planning

4. Case-Based Results: Four Pillars in Action

Over a three-year period, strong performance across the Four Pillars can significantly transform the trajectory of a typical arts organization with a $2 million annual budget. Projected outcomes include a 50% increase in ticket revenue, a 30% boost in contributions and grants, and a financial turnaround from a $100,000 annual deficit to a $600,000 surplus—demonstrating both sustainability and growth potential.

These align with real improvements—like orchestras growing ticket income by 35% and choirs seeing 20% donor retention increases after inclusive outreach .

Holistic Success in Nonprofit Music is created by the four pillars of excellence.
Holistic Success in nonprofit music.

5. The Cost of Waiting Is Real

Opera companies and orchestras are projected to lose up to 20% of their audience attendance each year . Choirs will continue to struggle to attract young singers, placing their long-term survival in jeopardy. Staff burnout will accelerate, resulting in higher turnover and widespread institutional fatigue. Meanwhile, organizations will miss out on critical grants and recovery funding tied to DEI and measurable impact. We’ve already seen these consequences as peer institutions have folded—such as the Rogue Valley and Oakland symphonies—citing an inability to evolve structurally .


6. Equity Sings Can Help You Be Built To Last

We’re not generalists. We are musicians and nonprofit leaders with lived experience. We deeply understand the culture of music institutions and speak authentically to both artistic and administrative teams. Our approach is multidimensional, not piecemeal. We help clients diagnose weaknesses, build capacity, and align artistic and community missions with pragmatic systems and financial sustainability.

If you’re responsible for a 501(c)(3) music nonprofit, this should resonate deeply. You don’t have to choose between artistic integrity and financial stability. The Built to Last Framework™ offers a path to both. Your community needs vibrant, lasting cultural institutions, your team deserves organizational wellness, and your mission depends on it.

Want to learn more? Reach out at equitysings.com or hello@equitysings.com today.

References:

{16586550:S8GU3X7C};{16586550:RHXW6X38};{16586550:FSGHEA9N};{16586550:QVCCCJJ5};{16586550:5YMT5L98};{16586550:MD2CF7GW};{16586550:9FFKISYU};{16586550:S8GU3X7C};{16586550:MZ6DZ4UE} apa default asc 0 2634
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A1950%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22EFMGJFM5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Delaware%20Humanities%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-09-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BDelaware%20Humanities.%20%282024%2C%20September%2011%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBent%20But%20Not%20Broken%3A%20Discussing%20Racism%20and%20Equity%20in%20the%20America%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Choral%20Ecosystem%20-%20Delaware%20Humanities%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdehumanities.org%5C%2Fevent%5C%2Fbent-but-not-broken-discussing-racism-and-equity-in-the-americas-choral-ecosystem%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdehumanities.org%5C%2Fevent%5C%2Fbent-but-not-broken-discussing-racism-and-equity-in-the-americas-choral-ecosystem%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22blogPost%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bent%20But%20Not%20Broken%3A%20Discussing%20Racism%20and%20Equity%20in%20the%20America%5Cu2019s%20Choral%20Ecosystem%20-%20Delaware%20Humanities%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Delaware%20Humanities%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20first%20and%20only%20of%20its%20kind%2C%20BBNB%20is%20a%20four-day%20music%20conference%20to%20be%20held%20October%2023-26%2C%202024%20in%20the%20City%20of%20Wilmington%2C%20amplifying%20the%20musical%20contributions%20and%20accomplishments%20of%20Black%20vocal%20artists%20across%20time%20and%20genres.%20It%20begins%20on%20October%2023rd%20with%20a%20late-night%20concert.%20Now%20in%20its%20third%20year%2C%20the%20BBNB%203.0%22%2C%22blogTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-09-11T16%3A23%3A30%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdehumanities.org%5C%2Fevent%5C%2Fbent-but-not-broken-discussing-racism-and-equity-in-the-americas-choral-ecosystem%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22LTNVVBN2%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-10-10T00%3A03%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ADV7CB52%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22InWilmington%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-09-20%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BInWilmington.%20%282024%2C%20September%2020%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBent%20But%20Not%20Broken%203.0%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdelawarescene.com%5C%2Fevent%5C%2F37512%5C%2Fbent-but-not-broken-30%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdelawarescene.com%5C%2Fevent%5C%2F37512%5C%2Fbent-but-not-broken-30%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bent%20But%20Not%20Broken%203.0%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22InWilmington%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Bent%20But%20Not%20Broken%20%5Cu2014%20the%20first%20and%20only%20of%20its%20kind%20%5Cu2014%20is%20a%20four-day%20music%20conference%20elevating%20the%20musical%20contributions%20and%20accomplishments%20of%20Black%20vocal%20artists%20across%20time%20and%20genres.%20Now%20in%20its%20third%20year%2C%20BBNB%203.0%20offers%20interest%20sessions%2C%20immersion%20choirs%2C%20panel%20discussions%2C%20honor%20choirs%2C%20and%20performances.%20This%20year%2C%20conference%20attendees%20will%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-09-20T18%3A44%3A21%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdelawarescene.com%5C%2Fevent%5C%2F37512%5C%2Fbent-but-not-broken-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22LTNVVBN2%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-10-10T00%3A03%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NKGHIRPW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Elevate%20Vocal%20Arts%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BElevate%20Vocal%20Arts.%20%28n.d.%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBent%20But%20Not%20Broken%20%7C%20Elevate%20Vocal%20Arts%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Bent%20But%20Not%20Broken.%20Retrieved%20October%209%2C%202024%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Felevatevocalarts.org%5C%2Fbent-but-not-broken%5C%2Fabout%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Felevatevocalarts.org%5C%2Fbent-but-not-broken%5C%2Fabout%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bent%20But%20Not%20Broken%20%7C%20Elevate%20Vocal%20Arts%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Elevate%20Vocal%20Arts%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Bent%20But%20Not%20Broken%20is%20a%20four-day%20conference%20amplifying%20the%20musical%20contributions%20of%20Black%20musicians%20and%20composers%20across%20time%20and%20across%20genres.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Felevatevocalarts.org%5C%2Fbent-but-not-broken%5C%2Fabout%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22LTNVVBN2%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-10-10T00%3A03%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22646CSR5U%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BSacred%20Music%20In%20Schools%20%26%23x2013%3B%20NAfME%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FNafme.Org%5C%2F.%20Retrieved%20September%2023%2C%202024%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fnafme.org%5C%2Fresource%5C%2Fsacred-music-in-schools%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fnafme.org%5C%2Fresource%5C%2Fsacred-music-in-schools%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sacred%20Music%20In%20Schools%20%5Cu2013%20NAfME%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Music%20with%20a%20Sacred%20Text%20Does%20music%20with%20a%20sacred%20text%20have%20a%20place%20in%20the%20public%20schools%3F%20It%20is%20the%20position%20of%20the%20National%20Association%20for%20Music%20Education%20that%20the%20study%20and%20performance%20of%20religious%20music%20within%20an%20educational%20context%20is%20a%20vital%20and%20appropriate%20part%20of%20a%20comprehensive%5Cu2026%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fnafme.org%5C%2Fresource%5C%2Fsacred-music-in-schools%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en_US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J7AHBXUX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T16%3A48%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M2QK7YAA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Legg%20and%20Philpott%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLegg%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Philpott%2C%20C.%20%282015%29.%20An%20analysis%20of%20performance%20practices%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%3A%20rhythm%2C%20lyric%20treatment%20and%20structures%20in%20improvisation%20and%20accompaniment.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPopular%20Music%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B34%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20197%26%23x2013%3B225.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2FS0261143015000264%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2FS0261143015000264%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22An%20analysis%20of%20performance%20practices%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%3A%20rhythm%2C%20lyric%20treatment%20and%20structures%20in%20improvisation%20and%20accompaniment%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Legg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Philpott%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22African%20American%20gospel%20music%20is%20a%20unique%20and%20distinctive%20idiom%20that%20has%20had%20a%20pervasive%20influence%20upon%20the%20development%20of%20contemporary%20popular%20music.%20While%20there%20are%20now%20many%20sources%20available%20on%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%2C%20the%20focus%20of%20the%20vast%20majority%20of%20these%20studies%20is%20on%20the%20sociological%2C%20historical%20and%20stylistic%20aspects%20of%20the%20genre%2C%20rather%20than%20on%20identifying%20and%20codifying%20specific%20musical%20characteristics%20and%20performance%20practices.%20This%20paper%20extends%20the%20discussion%20of%20gospel%20singing%20techniques%20in%20Andrew%20Legg%26%23039%3Bs%202010%20article%20%5Cu2018A%20taxonomy%20of%20musical%20gesture%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%5Cu2019%20%28Popular%20Music%2C%2029%5C%2F1%29%20by%20examining%20some%20of%20the%20key%20performance%20practices%20associated%20with%20rhythm%20and%20lyric%20treatment%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%2C%20as%20well%20as%20common%20structures%20in%20gospel%20music%20improvisation%20and%20accompaniment.%20Through%20analysis%20of%20selected%20recordings%2C%20this%20research%20proposes%20a%20codified%20frame%20of%20reference%20for%20the%20definition%20and%20discussion%20of%20terminologies%20and%20performance%20practice%20techniques%20inherent%20within%20African%20American%20gospel%20music.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1017%5C%2FS0261143015000264%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220261-1430%2C%201474-0095%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cambridge.org%5C%2Fcore%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fpopular-music%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fan-analysis-of-performance-practices-in-african-american-gospel-music-rhythm-lyric-treatment-and-structures-in-improvisation-and-accompaniment%5C%2F5DDBFD89A23A62D9B1BE6A9353A9F6B6%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J7AHBXUX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T16%3A32%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XG27DJHP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bernice%20Johnson%20Reagon%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBernice%20Johnson%20Reagon.%20%282001%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BIf%20You%20Don%26%23x2019%3Bt%20Go%2C%20Don%26%23x2019%3Bt%20Hinder%20Me%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20The%20African%20American%20Sacred%20Song%20Tradition%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20University%20of%20Nebraska%20Press.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bdb%3De000xna%26amp%3BAN%3D1398117%26amp%3Bsite%3Dehost-live%26amp%3Bscope%3Dsite%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bdb%3De000xna%26amp%3BAN%3D1398117%26amp%3Bsite%3Dehost-live%26amp%3Bscope%3Dsite%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22If%20You%20Don%27t%20Go%2C%20Don%27t%20Hinder%20Me%20%3A%20The%20African%20American%20Sacred%20Song%20Tradition%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Bernice%20Johnson%20Reagon%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%201996%2C%20the%20University%20of%20Nebraska%20invited%20Reagon%20to%20present%20a%20series%20of%20lectures%20on%20the%20sacred%20song%20tradition%2C%20and%20these%20talks%20provide%20the%20essence%20of%20the%20four%20chapters%20in%20this%20excellent%20volume....%20The%20bibliography%20is%20significant%20and%20valuable.%26%23039%3B--Choice.%26%23039%3BReagon%2C%20founder%20of%20Sweet%20Honey%20in%20the%20Rock%2C%20an%20award-winning%20African%20American%20female%20a%20cappella%20group%2C%20writes%20eloquently%20of%20gospel%20music%20and%20the%20migration%20of%20black%20people%20in%20the%20U.%20S.%20that%20helped%20nurture%20and%20spread%20the%20sacred%20music....%20In%20this%20slim%20but%20powerful%20book%2C%20Reagon%20uses%20song%20lyrics%20and%20the%20history%20of%20the%20music%20and%20its%20composers%20including%20Charles%20Albert%20Tindley%20and%20Thomas%20Andrew%20Dorsey%2C%20to%20put%20into%20context%20the%20spirit%20of%20African%20American%20oral%20tradition%20and%20the%20evolution%20of%20gospel%20music.%26%23039%3B--Booklist.%26%23039%3BIn%20the%20four%20historical%20essays%20that%20make%20up%20If%20You%20Don%26%23039%3Bt%20Go%2C%20Don%26%23039%3Bt%20Hinder%20Me%2C%20Bernice%20Johnson%20Reagon%20ratchets%20up%20the%20hybrid%20essence%20of%20the%20historical%20essay%20by%20adding...%20another%20genre%3A%20autobiography....%20And%20justifiably%20so%2C%20for%20African%20American%20spirituality%2C%20as%20revealed%20through%20its%20many%20musics%2C%20defies%20the%20telling%20of%20its%20evolution%20either%20through%20music%20criticism%20or%20historical%20narration.%20In%20a%20phrase%20Reagon%20heard%20during%20childhood%2C%20this%20tradition%20is%20all%20about%26%23039%3Bmaking%20a%20way%20out%20of%20no%20way%26%23039%3B....%20Reagon%26%23039%3Bs%20life--particularly%20her%20accomplishments%20as%20a%20singer%2C%20historian%2C%20and%20civil%20rights%20activist--imparts%20structure%20to%20her%20essays%20where%20the%20music%20alone%20would%20resist%20it.%20As%20founder%20and%20lead%20singer%20of%20the%20award-winning%20female%20ensemble%20Sweet%20Honey%20in%20the%20Rock%2C%20she%20has%20lived%20and%20breathed%20all%20forms%20of%20African%20American%20religious%20music....%20As%20a%20cultural%20historian%20who%20now%20serves%20as%20a%20curator%20emeritus%20at%20the%20Smithsonian%20Institution%20and%20as%20a%20distinguished%20professor%20of%20history%20at%20American%20University%2C%20Reagon%20challenges%20conventional%20historical%20methods%20as%20useful%20tools%20to%20seek%20out%20the%20deeper%20meanings%20of%20black%20musical%20spirituality.%26%23039%3B--Washington%20Post.%26%23039%3BShort%20but%20eloquent%20and%20pedagogically%20useful%5Cu2026.%20%5Ba%5D%20combination%20of%20crisp%20scholarly%20narrative%20with%20passionate%20opinion%20in%20treating%20this%20fiercely%20complicated%20subject%5Cu2026.%20This%20short%20boook%20serves%20to%20remind%20us%20that%20no%20deployment%20of%20postmodern%20theoretical%20apparatus%20can%20measure%20up%20to%20honest%20and%20vigorous%20reflection%20coupled%20with%20clarity%20concerning%20whose%20voice%20is%20being%20heard%20at%20a%20given%20moment.%26%23039%3B--Chris%20Goertzen%2C%20Journal%20of%20American%20Folklore.How%20do%20you%20survive%20leaving%20everything%20you%20know%20to%20try%20to%20reconstruct%20your%20life%20and%20future%20in%20a%20new%20way%3F%20What%20do%20you%20carry%20with%20you%20on%20your%20journey%20to%20the%20new%20place%3FMigration%20looms%20large%20as%20a%20theme%20in%20twentieth-century%20African%20American%20life.%20Bernice%20Johnson%20Reagon%20uses%20this%20theme%20as%20a%20centering%20structure%20for%20four%20essays%20that%20examine%20different%20genres%20of%20African%20American%20sacred%20music%20as%20they%20manifested%20themselves%20throughout%20the%20twentieth%20century%20and%20within%20her%20own%20life.%20The%20first%20essay%20examines%20the%20evolution%20of%20gospel%20music%20by%20looking%20at%20the%20work%20of%20Charles%20Albert%20Tindley%2C%20Thomas%20Andrew%20Dorsey%2C%20Reverend%20Smallwood%20Williams%2C%20Roberta%20Martin%2C%20Pearl%20William%20Jones%2C%20and%20Richard%20Smallwood.%20In%20the%20next%20essay%20Reagon%20relates%20the%20story%20of%20Deacon%20William%20Reardon%20and%20the%20prayer%20bands%20that%20carried%20the%20tradition%20of%20South%20Carolina%20spirituals%20through%20the%20twentieth%20century%20in%20the%20communities%20of%20Washington%20DC%2C%20and%20Baltimore.%20The%20concert%20spiritual%20tradition%20is%20the%20subject%20of%20the%20third%20essay%2C%20and%20the%20final%20essay%20explores%20how%20stories%20about%20African%20American%20women%20of%20the%20nineteenth%20century%20became%20a%20source%20of%20strength%20for%20Reagon%20in%20her%20development%20as%20an%20African%20American%20woman%2C%20singer%2C%20fighter%2C%20and%20scholar.Bernice%20Johnson%20Reagon%20is%20the%20dynamic%20founder%20of%20Sweet%20Honey%20in%20the%20Rock%2C%20a%20Grammy%20Award%5Cu2013winning%20African%20American%20female%20a%20cappella%20ensemble.%20She%20is%20Distinguished%20Professor%20of%20History%20at%20American%20University%20and%20curator%20emeritus%20at%20the%20National%20Museum%20of%20American%20History%2C%20and%20she%20has%20worked%20at%20the%20Smithsonian%20Institution%20for%20many%20years.%20She%20is%20the%20editor%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-8032-3913-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3De000xna%26AN%3D1398117%26site%3Dehost-live%26scope%3Dsite%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J7AHBXUX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T16%3A30%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F3KSNXMV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Trineice%20Robinson-Martin%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BTrineice%20Robinson-Martin.%20%282017%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BSo%20You%20Want%20to%20Sing%20Gospel%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20A%20Guide%20for%20Performers%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Rowman%20%26amp%3B%20Littlefield%20Publishers.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bdb%3De700xna%26amp%3BAN%3D1409581%26amp%3Bsite%3Dehost-live%26amp%3Bscope%3Dsite%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bdb%3De700xna%26amp%3BAN%3D1409581%26amp%3Bsite%3Dehost-live%26amp%3Bscope%3Dsite%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22So%20You%20Want%20to%20Sing%20Gospel%20%3A%20A%20Guide%20for%20Performers%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Trineice%20Robinson-Martin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20are%20few%20works%20in%20existence%20that%20teach%20gospel%20singing%20and%20even%20fewer%20that%20focus%20on%20what%20gospel%20soloists%20need%20to%20know.%20In%20So%20You%20Want%20to%20Sing%20Gospel%2C%20Trineice%20Robinson-Martin%20offers%20the%20first%20resource%20to%20help%20individual%20gospel%20singers%20at%20all%20levels%20make%20the%20most%20of%20their%20primary%20instrument%5Cu2014their%20voice.%20Robinson-Martin%20gathers%20together%20key%20information%20on%20gospel%20music%20history%2C%20vocal%20pedagogy%2C%20musical%20style%20and%20performance%2C%20and%20its%20place%20in%20music%20ministry.%20So%20You%20Want%20to%20Sing%20Gospel%20covers%20such%20vital%20matters%20as%20historical%2C%20cultural%20and%20spiritual%20perspectives%20on%20the%20gospel%20music%20tradition%2C%20training%20one%26%23039%3Bs%20voice%2C%20understanding%20the%20dynamic%20of%20sound%20production%2C%20grasping%20gospel%20style%2C%20and%20bringing%20together%20vocal%20performance%20with%20ministerial%20imperatives.%20She%20also%20includes%20in%20her%20discussion%20such%20matters%20as%20voice%20type%2C%20repertoire%20selection%2C%20and%20gospel%20sub-genres.%20Additional%20chapters%20by%20Scott%20McCoy%20and%20Wendy%20LeBorgne%2C%20and%20Matthew%20Edwards%20address%20universal%20questions%20of%20voice%20science%20and%20pedagogy%2C%20vocal%20health%2C%20and%20audio%20enhancement%20technology.The%20So%20You%20Want%20to%20Sing%20seriesis%20produced%20in%20partnership%20with%20the%20National%20Association%20of%20Teachers%20of%20Singing.%20Like%20all%20books%20in%20the%20series%2C%20So%20You%20Want%20to%20Sing%20Gospel%20features%20online%20supplemental%20material%20on%20the%20NATS%20website.%20Please%20visit%20www.nats.org%20to%20access%20style-specific%20exercises%2C%20audio%20and%20video%20files%2C%20and%20additional%20resources.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-1-4422-3920-3%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3De700xna%26AN%3D1409581%26site%3Dehost-live%26scope%3Dsite%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J7AHBXUX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T16%3A27%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22J3KMZFYW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Morris%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMorris%2C%20M.%20H.%2C%20Webb%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Franklin%2C%20R.%20J.%20%282011%29.%20Understanding%20the%20Manifestation%20of%20Entrepreneurial%20Orientation%20in%20the%20Nonprofit%20Context%20-%20Michael%20H.%20Morris%2C%20Justin%20W.%20Webb%2C%20Rebecca%20J.%20Franklin%2C%202011.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEntrepreneurship%20Theory%20and%20Practice%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B35%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%285%29%2C%20947%26%23x2013%3B971.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2Fhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi-org.libproxy.temple.edu%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1540-6520.2011.00453.x%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2Fhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi-org.libproxy.temple.edu%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1540-6520.2011.00453.x%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Understanding%20the%20Manifestation%20of%20Entrepreneurial%20Orientation%20in%20the%20Nonprofit%20Context%20-%20Michael%20H.%20Morris%2C%20Justin%20W.%20Webb%2C%20Rebecca%20J.%20Franklin%2C%202011%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morris%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justin%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Webb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rebecca%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Franklin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22September%202011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi-org.libproxy.temple.edu%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1540-6520.2011.00453.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals-sagepub-com.libproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1540-6520.2011.00453.x%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224YH3UA9Z%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T01%3A19%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M27L8QS5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BUnderstanding%20the%20Manifestation%20of%20Entrepreneurial%20Orientation%20in%20the%20Nonprofit%20Context%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Retrieved%20September%2023%2C%202024%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fepub%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1540-6520.2011.00453.x%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fepub%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1540-6520.2011.00453.x%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Understanding%20the%20Manifestation%20of%20Entrepreneurial%20Orientation%20in%20the%20Nonprofit%20Context%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fepub%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1540-6520.2011.00453.x%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224YH3UA9Z%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T01%3A14%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22B66UYGVV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kim%20and%20Bradach%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKim%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bradach%2C%20J.%20%282012%2C%20Spring%29.%20Why%20More%20Nonprofits%20Are%20Getting%20Bigger.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BStanford%20Social%20Innovation%20Review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B10%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%2015%26%23x2013%3B16.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F928570704%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2FD7728122D48B47F0PQ%5C%2F1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F928570704%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2FD7728122D48B47F0PQ%5C%2F1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22magazineArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Why%20More%20Nonprofits%20Are%20Getting%20Bigger%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20first%20decade%20of%20the%2021st%20century%20saw%20a%20boom%20of%20activity%20in%20and%20around%20the%20US%20nonprofit%20sector.%20There%20was%20a%20proliferation%20of%20high-profile%20social%20entrepreneurs%2C%20an%20emergence%20of%20%26quot%3Bbig%20bettor%26quot%3B%20philanthropists%2C%20and%20an%20increase%20in%20funding%20to%20the%20sector.%20Taken%20together%2C%20these%20trends%20fueled%20tremendous%20growth%20in%20the%20number%20and%20sheer%20size%20of%20nonprofits.%20The%202000s%20also%20saw%20the%20emergence%20of%20a%20new%20class%20of%20heavyweight%20nonprofits%2C%20which%20were%20founded%20in%20the%20latter%20decades%20of%20last%20century.%20To%20understand%20the%20characteristics%20of%20this%20new%20class%20of%20large%20US%20nonprofits%2C%20people%20sought%20to%20identify%20those%20founded%20since%201975%20that%20have%20grown%20to%20at%20least%20%2450%20million%20in%20annual%20revenues.%20Although%20much%20has%20been%20made%20of%20the%20proliferation%20of%20nonprofits%20--%20the%20sector%20grew%2060%25%20to%20more%20than%201%20million%20registered%20organizations%20across%2026%20fields%20from%201999%20to%202011%20--%20their%20research%20shows%20that%20the%20biggest%20nonprofits%20have%20gotten%20bigger.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Spring%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2215427099%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F928570704%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2FD7728122D48B47F0PQ%5C%2F1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224YH3UA9Z%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T00%3A38%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DJHR5SFK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gregory%20and%20Howard%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGregory%2C%20A.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Howard%2C%20D.%20%282009%2C%20Fall%29.%20The%20Nonprofit%20Starvation%20Cycle.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BStanford%20Social%20Innovation%20Review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B7%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%2049%26%23x2013%3B53.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F217173506%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F6F48679DD4AF46D2PQ%5C%2F1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F217173506%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F6F48679DD4AF46D2PQ%5C%2F1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22magazineArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Nonprofit%20Starvation%20Cycle%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ann%20Goggins%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gregory%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Don%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Howard%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Most%20nonprofits%20do%20not%20spend%20enough%20money%20on%20overhead.%20Underfunding%20overhead%20can%20have%20disastrous%20effects%2C%20finds%20the%20Nonprofit%20Overhead%20Cost%20Study%2C%20a%20five-year%20research%20project%20conducted%20by%20the%20Urban%20Institute%26%23039%3Bs%20National%20Center%20for%20Charitable%20Statistics%20and%20the%20Center%20on%20Philanthropy%20at%20Indiana%20University.%20A%20vicious%20cycle%20fuels%20the%20persistent%20underfunding%20of%20overhead.%20Not%20only%20do%20funders%20and%20donors%20have%20unrealistic%20expectations%2C%20but%20the%20nonprofit%20sector%20itself%20also%20promotes%20unhealthy%20overhead%20levels.%20Although%20the%20vicious%20cycle%20of%20nonprofit%20starvation%20has%20many%20entry%20points%20and%20drivers%2C%20the%20best%20place%20to%20end%20it%20is%20where%20it%20starts%3A%20funders%26%23039%3B%20unrealistic%20expectations.%20Rather%20than%20being%20the%20reason%20to%20reduce%20overhead%20spending%2C%20the%20recession%20is%20an%20excellent%20opportunity%20to%20redress%20decades-long%20underinvestment%20in%20nonprofit%20infrastructure.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Fall%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2215427099%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F217173506%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F6F48679DD4AF46D2PQ%5C%2F1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224YH3UA9Z%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T00%3A37%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GLUJRGRK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Calabrese%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCalabrese%2C%20T.%20%282013%29.%20Running%20on%20Empty%3A%20The%20Operating%20Reserves%20of%20U.S.%20Nonprofit%20Organizations.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNonprofit%20Management%20%26amp%3B%20Leadership%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B23%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20281%26%23x2013%3B302.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fnml.21064%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fnml.21064%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Running%20on%20Empty%3A%20The%20Operating%20Reserves%20of%20U.S.%20Nonprofit%20Organizations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thad%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calabrese%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Operating%20reserves%20allow%20nonprofit%20organizations%20to%20smooth%20out%20imbalances%20between%20revenues%20and%20expenses%2C%20helping%20to%20maintain%20program%20output%20in%20the%20presence%20of%20fiscal%20shocks.%20We%20know%20surprisingly%20little%20about%20why%20nonprofits%20might%20save%20operating%20reserves%20and%20what%20factors%20explain%20variation%20between%20organizations%26%23039%3B%20savings%20behavior.%20Findings%20suggest%20that%20operating%20reserves%20are%20reduced%20in%20the%20presence%20of%20concentrated%20public%20funds%2C%20access%20to%20debt%2C%20fixed%20assets%2C%20and%20endowment.%20However%2C%20size%20is%20not%20an%20important%20predictor%2C%20indicating%20that%20the%20lack%20of%20reserves%20is%20not%20limited%20to%20small%20nonprofit%20organizations%20but%20is%20instead%20a%20sectorwide%20issue.%20Significant%20numbers%20of%20nonprofits%20maintain%20no%20operating%20reserves%20at%20all.%20One%20potential%20explanation%20is%20that%20organizations%20discount%20the%20benefits%20of%20reserves%20because%20they%20are%20evaluated%20on%20spending%2C%20focusing%20instead%20on%20the%20%26%23039%3Bbenefits%20of%20costs.%26%23039%3B%20This%20preference%20for%20spending%20over%20reserving%20may%20also%20help%20explain%20the%20general%20lack%20of%20liquidity%20in%20the%20sector%20beyond%20operating%20reserves%20alone.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Spring%202013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fnml.21064%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2210486682%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dbth%26AN%3D85921897%26site%3Dehost-live%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224YH3UA9Z%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T00%3A36%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SRAUZZKX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bowman%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBowman%2C%20W.%20%282011%29.%20Financial%20capacity%20and%20sustainability%20of%20ordinary%20nonprofits.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNonprofit%20Management%20%26amp%3B%20Leadership%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B22%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%2037%26%23x2013%3B51.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fnml.20039%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fnml.20039%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Financial%20capacity%20and%20sustainability%20of%20ordinary%20nonprofits%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Woods%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20article%20divides%20financial%20issues%20into%20capacity%20and%20sustainability%20in%20two%20time%20frames%3A%20long%20and%20short.%20Long%20term%20emphasizes%20maintaining%20services%3B%20short%20term%20emphasizes%20resiliency.%20An%20organization%26%23039%3Bs%20long-term%20financial%20capacity%20is%20sustainable%20if%20its%20rate%20of%20change%20is%20sufficient%20to%20maintain%20assets%20at%20their%20replacement%20cost.%20A%20key%20contribution%20of%20this%20study%20is%20a%20sustainability%20principle%20that%20gives%20managers%20short-term%20budget%20surplus%20targets%20needed%20to%20achieve%20this%20objective.%20The%20formulas%20are%20applied%20to%20national%20data%20to%20give%20a%20picture%20of%20the%20sector%20and%20establish%20benchmarks%20for%20%26%23039%3Bnormal%26%23039%3B%20practice.%20%26%23039%3BOrdinary%20nonprofits%26%23039%3B%20are%20active%20public%20charities%20without%20endowments%20that%20are%20not%20primarily%20membership%20associations%20or%20grant%20makers.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Fall%202011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fnml.20039%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2210486682%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dbth%26AN%3D65217463%26site%3Dehost-live%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224YH3UA9Z%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-23T00%3A35%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22B3YHTVKP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Richter%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRichter%2C%20G.%20%282024%29.%20Serious%20Play%3A%20Towards%20a%20Philosophical%20Understanding%20of%20Interpretative%20Musical%20Performance.%20In%20S.%20McAuliffe%20%28Ed.%29%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BGadamer%2C%20Music%2C%20and%20Philosophical%20Hermeneutics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28pp.%2017%26%23x2013%3B30%29.%20Springer%20International%20Publishing.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-031-41570-8_2%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-031-41570-8_2%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Serious%20Play%3A%20Towards%20a%20Philosophical%20Understanding%20of%20Interpretative%20Musical%20Performance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Goetz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sam%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McAuliffe%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20concept%20of%20the%20musical%20work%20plays%20a%20central%20role%20in%20the%20interpretative%20practices%20of%20musical%20performance.%20In%20particular%20the%20interplay%20of%20artform%2C%20work%20concept%20and%20the%20practices%20of%20repeatable%20concert%20production%20lead%20to%20an%20increased%20reification%20of%20the%20musical%20work%20and%20a%20focus%20on%20technical%20production.%20While%20many%20recent%20philosophers%20are%20trying%20to%20understand%20what%20sort%20of%20object%20the%20musical%20work%20is%2C%20notably%20Goehr%20and%20Benson%20have%20proposed%20differing%20alternatives.%20Goehr%20%28The%20Imaginary%20Museum%20of%20Musical%20Works%20an%20Essay%20in%20the%20Philosophy%20of%20Music.%20Oxford%3A%20Clarendon%2C%201992%29%20shows%20that%20the%20idea%20of%20the%20musical%20work%20is%20historically%20regulative%20of%20performance%20practice.%20Benson%20%28The%20Improvisation%20of%20Musial%20Dialogue%3A%20A%20Phenomenology%20of%20Music.%20Cambridge%3A%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%2C%202003%29%20sees%20work%20as%20an%20onto-existential%20possibility%20in%20which%20performance%20takes%20place%20and%20which%20is%20transformed%20by%20performance%20in%20turn.%20In%20this%20discussion%20I%20propose%20to%20use%20key%20concepts%20of%20Gadamer%5Cu2019s%20hermeneutics%20to%20develop%20a%20further%20detailed%20conception%20of%20interpretative%20performance%20and%20its%20relationship%20to%20work.%20Gadamer%5Cu2019s%20idea%20that%20play%20is%20ontologically%20fundamental%20to%20art%20and%20music%2C%20manifests%20itself%20in%20a%20working%20structure%20%28Werkgebilde%29%2C%20unfolds%20within%20a%20history%20of%20effect%20%28Wirkungsgeschichte%29%20and%20seeks%20a%20blending%20of%20horizons%20%28Horizontverschmelzung%29%20are%20able%20to%20open%20the%20view%20towards%20a%20concept%20of%20the%20work%20that%20resists%20objectification.%20The%20initial%20and%20fundamental%20focus%20on%20play%20%28rather%20than%20work%29%20also%20exposes%20transformed%20attitudes%20and%20modalities%20of%20attention%20in%20the%20interpreter%20and%20performer.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Gadamer%2C%20Music%2C%20and%20Philosophical%20Hermeneutics%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-031-41570-8%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-031-41570-8_2%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T21%3A09%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Q3YN9U4I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BGetting%20Gospel%20Going%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0027432108326590%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Getting%20Gospel%20Going%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fepdf%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0027432108326590%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T19%3A31%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225RJ8BWA9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Covalle%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-07-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCovalle%2C%20W.%20A.%20%282022%29.%20Three%20Black%20Gospel%20Music%20Experts%20on%20Preparing%2C%20Teaching%2C%20and%20%26%23x201C%3BBeing%26%23x201D%3B%20in%20the%20African%20American%20Aural-Oral%20Tradition.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBulletin%20of%20the%20Council%20for%20Research%20in%20Music%20Education%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B233%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%2048%26%23x2013%3B68.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5406%5C%2F21627223.233.03%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5406%5C%2F21627223.233.03%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Three%20Black%20Gospel%20Music%20Experts%20on%20Preparing%2C%20Teaching%2C%20and%20%5Cu201cBeing%5Cu201d%20in%20the%20African%20American%20Aural-Oral%20Tradition%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Whitney%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Covalle%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20purpose%20of%20this%20multiple%20case%20study%20was%20to%20gather%20musical%20and%20nonmusical%20perspectives%20from%20three%20experts%20on%20teaching%20Black%20gospel%20music%20in%20the%20African%20American%20aural-oral%20tradition.%20Research%20questions%20included%3A%20%28a%29%20What%20is%20the%20process%20Black%20gospel%20music%20experts%20engage%20in%20when%20preparing%20for%20and%20teaching%20gospel%20music%20in%20the%20aural-oral%20tradition%3F%20%28b%29%20In%20the%20view%20of%20Black%20gospel%20music%20experts%2C%20how%20does%20race%20intersect%20with%20the%20preparation%2C%20teaching%2C%20and%20performance%20of%20gospel%20music%3F%20%28c%29%20How%20do%20Black%20gospel%20music%20experts%20advocate%20for%20incorporating%20gospel%20music%20into%20public%20school%20vocal%20music%20programs%3F%20Participants%20were%20purposively%20selected%2C%20and%20data%20collection%20included%20observations%2C%20researcher-singer%20participation%2C%20and%20multiple%20interviews.%20Expert%20agreement%20emerged%20regarding%20teaching%20processes%20as%20a%20nonmusical%20%5Cu201cstate%20of%20being%5Cu201d%20deeply%20infused%20with%20cultural%2C%20community%2C%20and%20spiritual%20values.%20Rehearsals%20were%20uninterrupted%20musical%20experiences%20with%20limited%20nonverbal%20instruction%20made%20possible%20from%20robust%20aural-oral%20immersion%20preparation.%20While%20participants%20insisted%20race%20was%20not%20a%20prerequisite%20for%20engagement%20in%20gospel%20music%2C%20they%20agreed%20the%20influence%20and%20mediation%20of%20race%20plays%20an%20active%20role%2C%20citing%20the%20proliferation%20of%20anti-Blackness%20in%20the%20academy%20as%20foremost%20among%20the%20barriers%20to%20rigorous%20preparation%20to%20teach%20Black%20gospel%20music.%20Experts%20advocated%20for%20teaching%20gospel%20music%20in%20schools%20to%20offer%20students%20the%20opportunity%20to%20participate%20in%20the%20accessible%2C%20inclusive%2C%20participatory%2C%20and%20communal%20experience%20available%20in%20gospel%20music.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-07-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5406%5C%2F21627223.233.03%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220010-9894%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5406%5C%2F21627223.233.03%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T19%3A30%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XHSNCP2A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Legg%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLegg%2C%20A.%20%282010%29.%20A%20taxonomy%20of%20musical%20gesture%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPopular%20Music%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B29%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%20103%26%23x2013%3B129.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2FS0261143009990407%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2FS0261143009990407%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20taxonomy%20of%20musical%20gesture%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Legg%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22African%20American%20gospel%20music%20seems%20without%20obvious%20parallel%20as%20a%20musical%20and%20social%20phenomenon%20of%20the%20twentieth%20century.%20It%20is%20a%20powerful%20musical%20and%20%5Cu2018spiritual%5Cu2019%20expression%20that%20is%20to%20a%20larger%20extent%20defined%20by%20the%20musical%20style%2C%20vocal%20techniques%20and%20performance%20practices%20of%20one%20of%20its%20central%20figures%3A%20the%20gospel%20singer.%20Although%20these%20originally%20African%20American%20gospel%20vocal%20techniques%20and%20practices%20have%20now%20also%20significantly%20influenced%20the%20development%20of%20contemporary%20popular%20music%20and%20the%20broader%20gospel%20vocal%20style%2C%20the%20specific%20terminology%20used%20to%20describe%20them%20lacks%20precise%20definition%2C%20and%20also%20highlights%20the%20failure%20of%20conventional%20notation%20in%20successfully%20capturing%20or%20representing%20them.This%20article%20seeks%20then%20to%20firstly%20define%20and%20annotate%20some%20of%20the%20key%20descriptive%20terms%20commonly%20applied%20to%20African%20American%20gospel%20singing%20techniques%20in%20order%20that%20greater%20consistency%20and%20clarity%20can%20be%20achieved%20in%20relation%20to%20their%20usage%20within%20contemporary%20popular%20music%20research.%20Secondly%2C%20it%20will%20also%20introduce%20an%20analytical%20notational%20system%2C%20accompanied%20by%20a%20series%20of%20annotated%20musical%20transcriptions%2C%20that%20forms%20the%20basis%20of%20the%20author%26%23039%3Bs%20taxonomy%20of%20musical%20gesture%20for%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%2C%20and%20which%20may%20provide%20a%20framework%20for%20comparative%20analytical%20research%20within%20the%20field%20of%20gospel-inspired%20contemporary%20popular%20music.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1017%5C%2FS0261143009990407%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221474-0095%2C%200261-1430%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cambridge.org%5C%2Fcore%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fpopular-music%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Ftaxonomy-of-musical-gesture-in-african-american-gospel-music%5C%2F24D47F1FAE9B47A34C728465CDACAD1C%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T19%3A28%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2237R44VSA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Robinson-Martin%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRobinson-Martin%2C%20T.%20%282009%29.%20Popular%20Song%20and%20Music%20Theater%3A%20Performance%20Styles%20and%20Musical%20Characteristics%20of%20Black%20Gospel%20Music.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Singing%20-%20The%20Official%20Journal%20of%20the%20National%20Association%20of%20Teachers%20of%20Singing%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B65%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%285%29%2C%20595%26%23x2013%3B599.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F1402960%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F61B27709E261430EPQ%5C%2F1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F1402960%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F61B27709E261430EPQ%5C%2F1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Popular%20Song%20and%20Music%20Theater%3A%20Performance%20Styles%20and%20Musical%20Characteristics%20of%20Black%20Gospel%20Music%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Trineice%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robinson-Martin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20author%20offers%20singing%20teachers%20information%20on%20black%20gospel%20musical%20styles.%20She%20provides%20a%20brief%20history%20of%20gospel%20music%20and%20categorizes%20performance%20styles%20as%20Traditional%2C%20Southern%2C%20Inspirational%2C%20and%20Contemporary.%20Each%20style%20is%20described.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221086-7732%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F1402960%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F61B27709E261430EPQ%5C%2F1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T19%3A27%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ME7F7N8E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Legg%20and%20Philpott%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLegg%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Philpott%2C%20C.%20%282015%29.%20An%20analysis%20of%20performance%20practices%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%3A%20rhythm%2C%20lyric%20treatment%20and%20structures%20in%20improvisation%20and%20accompaniment.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPopular%20Music%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B34%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20197%26%23x2013%3B225.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2FS0261143015000264%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2FS0261143015000264%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22An%20analysis%20of%20performance%20practices%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%3A%20rhythm%2C%20lyric%20treatment%20and%20structures%20in%20improvisation%20and%20accompaniment%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Legg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Philpott%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22African%20American%20gospel%20music%20is%20a%20unique%20and%20distinctive%20idiom%20that%20has%20had%20a%20pervasive%20influence%20upon%20the%20development%20of%20contemporary%20popular%20music.%20While%20there%20are%20now%20many%20sources%20available%20on%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%2C%20the%20focus%20of%20the%20vast%20majority%20of%20these%20studies%20is%20on%20the%20sociological%2C%20historical%20and%20stylistic%20aspects%20of%20the%20genre%2C%20rather%20than%20on%20identifying%20and%20codifying%20specific%20musical%20characteristics%20and%20performance%20practices.%20This%20paper%20extends%20the%20discussion%20of%20gospel%20singing%20techniques%20in%20Andrew%20Legg%26%23039%3Bs%202010%20article%20%5Cu2018A%20taxonomy%20of%20musical%20gesture%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%5Cu2019%20%28Popular%20Music%2C%2029%5C%2F1%29%20by%20examining%20some%20of%20the%20key%20performance%20practices%20associated%20with%20rhythm%20and%20lyric%20treatment%20in%20African%20American%20gospel%20music%2C%20as%20well%20as%20common%20structures%20in%20gospel%20music%20improvisation%20and%20accompaniment.%20Through%20analysis%20of%20selected%20recordings%2C%20this%20research%20proposes%20a%20codified%20frame%20of%20reference%20for%20the%20definition%20and%20discussion%20of%20terminologies%20and%20performance%20practice%20techniques%20inherent%20within%20African%20American%20gospel%20music.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1017%5C%2FS0261143015000264%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220261-1430%2C%201474-0095%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cambridge.org%5C%2Fcore%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fpopular-music%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fan-analysis-of-performance-practices-in-african-american-gospel-music-rhythm-lyric-treatment-and-structures-in-improvisation-and-accompaniment%5C%2F5DDBFD89A23A62D9B1BE6A9353A9F6B6%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T19%3A25%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WVVU2KVP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Curtis%20and%20Cloud%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221991-11-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCurtis%2C%20M.%20V.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Cloud%2C%20L.%20V.%20%281991%29.%20The%20African-American%20Spiritual%3A%20Traditions%20and%20Performance%20Practices.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BChoral%20Journal%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B32%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%2015%26%23x2013%3B22.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F1306217628%5C%2Fcitation%5C%2FF32165540EA4441APQ%5C%2F1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F1306217628%5C%2Fcitation%5C%2FF32165540EA4441APQ%5C%2F1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20African-American%20Spiritual%3A%20Traditions%20and%20Performance%20Practices%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marvin%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Curtis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lee%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cloud%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%201%2C%201991%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220009-5028%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F1306217628%5C%2Fcitation%5C%2FF32165540EA4441APQ%5C%2F1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T19%3A22%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HV7RNN3G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Richards-Greaves%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRichards-Greaves%2C%20G.%20R.%20%282016%29.%20%26%23x201C%3BSay%20Hallelujah%2C%20Somebody%26%23x201D%3B%20and%20%26%23x201C%3BI%20Will%20Call%20upon%20the%20Lord%26%23x201D%3B%3A%20An%20Examination%20of%20Call-and-Response%20in%20the%20Black%20Church.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BWestern%20Journal%20of%20Black%20Studies%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B40%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20192%26%23x2013%3B204.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F2049976330%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F39E5434441064946PQ%5C%2F1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F2049976330%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F39E5434441064946PQ%5C%2F1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22%5C%22Say%20Hallelujah%2C%20Somebody%5C%22%20and%20%5C%22I%20Will%20Call%20upon%20the%20Lord%5C%22%3A%20An%20Examination%20of%20Call-and-Response%20in%20the%20Black%20Church%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gillian%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richards-Greaves%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Call-and-response%20is%20an%20African%20retention%20that%20pervades%20the%20musical%20and%20cultural%20expressions%20of%20people%20of%20African%20descent%2C%20and%20is%20uniquely%20observable%20in%20the%20Black%20Church.%20This%20essay%20interrogates%20the%20intricacies%2C%20diversity%2C%20and%20multi-directionality%20of%20calls%20and%20responses%20in%20the%20Black%20Church%20by%20examining%20liturgical%20expressions%20%28particularly%20music%20and%20preaching%29%20at%20%26quot%3BBethel%20Nondenominational%20Church%26quot%3B%20and%20%26quot%3BMount%20Zion%20Baptist%20Church%26quot%3B%20in%20Bloomington%2C%20Indiana.%20I%20argue%20that%20calls%20and%20responses%20can%20emanate%20from%20any%20position%20in%20the%20sanctuary%20and%20from%20any%20source%20%28human%20or%20inanimate%29.%20Contrary%20to%20the%20often-held%20consensus%20on%20call-and-response%2C%20I%20argue%20further%20that%2C%20on%20many%20occasions%2C%20expressions%20originating%20from%20the%20congregation%2C%20including%20those%20regarded%20as%20responses%2C%20often%20constitute%20primary%20and%20secondary%20calls%20that%20effectuate%20responses%20from%20the%20pulpit%20and%20the%20rest%20of%20the%20congregation.%20This%20essay%20ultimately%20demonstrates%20how%20%26quot%3Bcall%26quot%3B%20and%20%26quot%3Bresponse%26quot%3B%20in%20the%20Black%20Church%20are%20often%20interchangeable%20concepts.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2201974327%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F2049976330%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F39E5434441064946PQ%5C%2F1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T19%3A07%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JTAY2ZFT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gates%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGates%2C%20H.%20L.%2C%20Jr.%20%282021%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Black%20Church%3A%20This%20Is%20Our%20Story%2C%20This%20Is%20Our%20Song%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Penguin%20Publishing%20Group.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D6463324%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D6463324%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Black%20Church%3A%20This%20Is%20Our%20Story%2C%20This%20Is%20Our%20Song%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Henry%20Louis%2C%20Jr.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gates%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20instant%20New%20York%20Times%20bestseller%20and%20companion%20book%20to%20the%20PBS%20series.%20%26quot%3BAbsolutely%20brilliant%20.%20.%20.%20A%20necessary%20and%20moving%20work.%26quot%3B%20--Eddie%20S.%20Glaude%2C%20Jr.%2C%20author%20of%20Begin%20Again%20%26quot%3BEngaging.%20.%20.%20.%20In%20Gates%26%23039%3Bs%20telling%2C%20the%20Black%20church%20shines%20bright%20even%20as%20the%20nation%20itself%20moves%20uncertainly%20through%20the%20gloaming%2C%20seeking%20justice%20on%20earth--as%20it%20is%20in%20heaven.%26quot%3B%20--Jon%20Meacham%2C%20New%20York%20Times%20Book%20Review%20From%20the%20New%20York%20Times%20bestselling%20author%20of%20Stony%20the%20Road%20and%20The%20Black%20Box%2C%20and%20one%20of%20our%20most%20important%20voices%20on%20the%20African%20American%20experience%2C%20comes%20a%20powerful%20new%20history%20of%20the%20Black%20church%20as%20a%20foundation%20of%20Black%20life%20and%20a%20driving%20force%20in%20the%20larger%20freedom%20struggle%20in%20America.%20For%20the%20young%20Henry%20Louis%20Gates%2C%20Jr.%2C%20growing%20up%20in%20a%20small%2C%20residentially%20segregated%20West%20Virginia%20town%2C%20the%20church%20was%20a%20center%20of%20gravity--an%20intimate%20place%20where%20voices%20rose%20up%20in%20song%20and%20neighbors%20gathered%20to%20celebrate%20life%26%23039%3Bs%20blessings%20and%20offer%20comfort%20amid%20its%20trials%20and%20tribulations.%20In%20this%20tender%20and%20expansive%20reckoning%20with%20the%20meaning%20of%20the%20Black%20Church%20in%20America%2C%20Gates%20takes%20us%20on%20a%20journey%20spanning%20more%20than%20five%20centuries%2C%20from%20the%20intersection%20of%20Christianity%20and%20the%20transatlantic%20slave%20trade%20to%20today%26%23039%3Bs%20political%20landscape.%20At%20road%26%23039%3Bs%20end%2C%20and%20after%20Gates%26%23039%3Bs%20distinctive%20meditation%20on%20the%20churches%20of%20his%20childhood%2C%20we%20emerge%20with%20a%20new%20understanding%20of%20the%20importance%20of%20African%20American%20religion%20to%20the%20larger%20national%20narrative--as%20a%20center%20of%20resistance%20to%20slavery%20and%20white%20supremacy%2C%20as%20a%20magnet%20for%20political%20mobilization%2C%20as%20an%20incubator%20of%20musical%20and%20oratorical%20talent%20that%20would%20transform%20the%20culture%2C%20and%20as%20a%20crucible%20for%20working%20through%20the%20Black%20community%26%23039%3Bs%20most%20critical%20personal%20and%20social%20issues.%20In%20a%20country%20that%20has%20historically%20afforded%20its%20citizens%20from%20the%20African%20diaspora%20tragically%20few%20safe%20spaces%2C%20the%20Black%20Church%20has%20always%20been%20more%20than%20a%20sanctuary.%20This%20fact%20was%20never%20lost%20on%20white%20supremacists%3A%20from%20the%20earliest%20days%20of%20slavery%2C%20when%20enslaved%20people%20were%20allowed%20to%20worship%20at%20all%2C%20their%20meetinghouses%20were%20subject%20to%20surveillance%20and%20destruction.%20Long%20after%20slavery%26%23039%3Bs%20formal%20eradication%2C%20church%20burnings%20and%20bombings%20by%20anti-Black%20racists%20continued%2C%20a%20hallmark%20of%20the%20violent%20effort%20to%20suppress%20the%20African%20American%20struggle%20for%20equality.%20The%20past%20often%20isn%26%23039%3Bt%20even%20past--Dylann%20Roof%20committed%20his%20slaughter%20in%20the%20Mother%20Emanuel%20AME%20Church%20193%20years%20after%20it%20was%20first%20burned%20down%20by%20white%20citizens%20of%20Charleston%2C%20South%20Carolina%2C%20following%20a%20thwarted%20slave%20rebellion.%20But%20as%20Gates%20brilliantly%20shows%2C%20the%20Black%20church%20has%20never%20been%20only%20one%20thing.%20Its%20story%20lies%20at%20the%20heart%20of%20the%20Black%20political%20struggle%2C%20and%20it%20has%20produced%20many%20of%20the%20Black%20community%26%23039%3Bs%20most%20notable%20leaders.%20At%20the%20same%20time%2C%20some%20churches%20and%20denominations%20have%20eschewed%20political%20engagement%20and%20exemplified%20practices%20of%20exclusion%20and%20intolerance%20that%20have%20caused%20polarization%20and%20pain.%20Those%20tensions%20remain%20today%2C%20as%20a%20rising%20generation%20demands%20freedom%20and%20dignity%20for%20all%20within%20and%20beyond%20their%20communities%2C%20regardless%20of%20race%2C%20sex%2C%20or%20gender.%20Still%2C%20as%20a%20source%20of%20faith%20and%20refuge%2C%20spiritual%20sustenance%20and%20struggle%20against%20society%26%23039%3Bs%20darkest%20forces%2C%20the%20Black%20Church%20has%20been%20central%2C%20as%20this%20enthralling%20history%20makes%20vividly%20clear.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-1-984880-34-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D6463324%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T18%3A42%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KS5HNJXK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gecewicz%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGecewicz%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20Kiana%20Cox%2C%20Jeff%20Diamant%20and%20Claire.%20%282021%2C%20February%2016%29.%20Faith%20Among%20Black%20Americans.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPew%20Research%20Center%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%5C%2Freligion%5C%2F2021%5C%2F02%5C%2F16%5C%2Ffaith-among-black-americans%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%5C%2Freligion%5C%2F2021%5C%2F02%5C%2F16%5C%2Ffaith-among-black-americans%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22blogPost%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Faith%20Among%20Black%20Americans%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Besheer%20Mohamed%2C%20Kiana%20Cox%2C%20Jeff%20Diamant%20and%20Claire%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gecewicz%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Today%2C%20most%20Black%20adults%20say%20they%20rely%20on%20prayer%20to%20help%20make%20major%20decisions%2C%20and%20view%20opposing%20racism%20as%20essential%20to%20their%20religious%20faith.%22%2C%22blogTitle%22%3A%22Pew%20Research%20Center%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-02-16T16%3A43%3A10%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%5C%2Freligion%5C%2F2021%5C%2F02%5C%2F16%5C%2Ffaith-among-black-americans%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T18%3A35%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22X4NKT343%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bulthuis%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBulthuis%2C%20K.%20T.%20%282019%29.%20The%20Difference%20Denominations%20Made%3A%20Identifying%20the%20Black%20Church%28es%29%20and%20Black%20Religious%20Choices%20of%20the%20Early%20Republic.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BReligion%20and%20American%20Culture%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20R%20%26amp%3B%20AC%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B29%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20255%26%23x2013%3B290.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Frac.2019.3%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Frac.2019.3%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Difference%20Denominations%20Made%3A%20Identifying%20the%20Black%20Church%28es%29%20and%20Black%20Religious%20Choices%20of%20the%20Early%20Republic%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kyle%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bulthuis%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Scholars%20of%20African-American%20religious%20history%20have%20recently%20debated%20the%20significance%20of%20the%20black%20church%20in%20American%20history.%20Those%20that%20have%2C%20pro%20and%20con%2C%20have%20often%20considered%20the%20black%20church%20as%20a%20singular%20entity%2C%20despite%20the%20fact%20that%20African%20Americans%20affiliated%20with%20a%20number%20of%20different%20religious%20traditions%20under%20the%20umbrella%20of%20the%20black%20church.%20This%20article%20posits%20that%20it%20is%20useful%20to%20consider%20denominational%20and%20theological%20developments%20within%20different%20African-American%20churches.%20Doing%20so%20acknowledges%20plural%20creations%20and%20developments%20of%20black%20churches%2C%20rather%20than%20a%20singular%20black%20church%2C%20which%20better%20accounts%20for%20the%20historical%20experience%20of%20black%20religion.%20In%20this%20piece%2C%20I%20analyze%20four%20different%20denominational%20and%20theological%20traditions%20that%20blacks%20followed%20in%20the%20early%20Republic%3A%20the%20Anglican%5Cu2013Episcopalian%2C%20the%20Calvinist%20%28Congregational%5Cu2013Presbyterian%29%2C%20the%20Methodist%2C%20and%20the%20Baptist.%20Each%20offered%20a%20unique%20ecclesiastical%20structure%20and%20set%20of%20theological%20assumptions%20within%20which%20black%20clergy%20and%20laity%20operated.%20Each%20required%20different%20levels%20of%20interaction%20with%20white%20coreligionists%2C%20and%2C%20although%20some%20tended%20to%20offer%20more%20direct%20opportunities%20for%20reform%20and%20resistance%2C%20all%20groups%20suffered%20differing%20constraints%20that%20limited%20such%20action.%20I%20argue%20that%20the%20two%20bodies%20connected%20to%20formalist%20traditions%2C%20the%20Episcopalian%20and%20Calvinist%2C%20were%20initially%20better%20developed%20despite%20their%20smaller%20size%2C%20and%20thus%20disproportionately%20shaped%20black%20community%20and%20reform%20efforts%20in%20the%20antebellum%20United%20States.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Summer%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1017%5C%2Frac.2019.3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2210521151%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F2389773357%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F9D7584FB1C5F4C47PQ%5C%2F1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T18%3A24%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224257MCK5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cone%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221970%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCone%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281970%29.%20Black%20Consciousness%20and%20the%20Black%20Church%3A%20A%20Historical-Theological%20Interpretation.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Annals%20of%20the%20American%20Academy%20of%20Political%20and%20Social%20Science%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B387%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%2049%26%23x2013%3B55.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F1036737%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F1036737%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Black%20Consciousness%20and%20the%20Black%20Church%3A%20A%20Historical-Theological%20Interpretation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cone%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Black%20consciousness%20as%20expressed%20in%20Black%20Power%20is%20the%20most%20significant%20reality%20of%20the%20black%20community.%20Though%20the%20phrases%20%26quot%3BBlack%20Power%26quot%3B%20and%20%26quot%3Bblack%20consciousness%26quot%3B%20are%20relatively%20new%2C%20the%20reality%20that%20they%20symbolize%20is%20rooted%20in%20the%20past.%20Black%20consciousness%20is%20the%20black%20community%20focusing%20on%20its%20blackness%20in%20order%20that%20black%20people%20may%20know%20not%20only%20why%20they%20are%20oppressed%2C%20but%20also%20what%20they%20must%20do%20about%20that%20oppression.%20Because%20there%20always%20have%20been%20black%20people%20who%20have%20resisted%20the%20white%20definitions%20of%20blackness%2C%20it%20is%20appropriate%20to%20say%20that%20black%20consciousness%20is%20as%20old%20as%20black%20slavery.%20It%20is%20not%20possible%20to%20enslave%20a%20people%20because%20they%20are%20black%20and%20expect%20them%20not%20to%20be%20aware%20of%20their%20blackness%20as%20the%20means%20of%20liberation.%20It%20is%20Black%20Power%26%23039%3Bs%20emphasis%20on%20liberation%20that%20makes%20it%20unquestionably%20a%20manifestation%20of%20God%26%23039%3Bs%20work%20in%20America.%20The%20Christian%20Gospel%20is%20a%20gospel%20of%20liberation.%20The%20pre-Civil%20War%20black%20churches%20recognized%20this%2C%20and%20that%20was%20why%20they%20refused%20to%20accept%20an%20interpretation%20of%20Christianity%20that%20was%20unrelated%20to%20civil%20freedom.%20Unfortunately%2C%20the%20post-Civil%20War%20black%20churches%20forgot%20about%20this%20emphasis%20and%20began%20to%20identify%20religion%20with%20piety.%20But%20the%20rise%20of%20Black%20Theology%20in%20the%20black%20churches%20is%20a%20renewal%20of%20the%20pre-Civil%20War%20emphasis.%20It%20is%20not%20certain%20whether%20the%20major%20black%20denominations%20will%20respond%20positively%20by%20reordering%20their%20structures%20in%20the%20light%20of%20Black%20Power.%20What%20is%20certain%20is%20the%20black%20community%26%23039%3Bs%20awareness%20of%20its%20blackness%20as%20the%20only%20tool%20for%20liberation.%20And%20unless%20the%20black%20churches%20redefine%20their%20existence%20in%20the%20light%20of%20the%20fathers%20who%20fought%2C%20risking%20death%2C%20to%20end%20slavery%2C%20the%20judgment%20of%20God%20will%20descend%20upon%20it%20in%20the%20persons%20of%20those%20who%20affirm%20with%20Brother%20Eldridge%20Cleaver%3A%20%26quot%3BWe%20shall%20have%20our%20manhood.%20We%20shall%20have%20it%20or%20the%20earth%20will%20be%20leveled%20by%20our%20attempts%20to%20gain%20it.%26quot%3B%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221970%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220002-7162%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F1036737%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T18%3A11%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225YBDELPX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBlack%20Consciousness%20and%20the%20Black%20Church%3A%20A%20Historical-Theological%20Interpretation%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F000271627038700107%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Black%20Consciousness%20and%20the%20Black%20Church%3A%20A%20Historical-Theological%20Interpretation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fepdf%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F000271627038700107%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-02T18%3A10%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22N6X7LYDH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Albert%20J.%20Raboteau%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAlbert%20J.%20Raboteau.%20%282004%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BSlave%20Religion%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20The%20%26%23x201C%3BInvisible%20Institution%26%23x201D%3B%20in%20the%20Antebellum%20South%3A%20Vol.%20Updated%20ed%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Oxford%20University%20Press.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bdb%3De000xna%26amp%3BAN%3D179928%26amp%3Bsite%3Dehost-live%26amp%3Bscope%3Dsite%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bdb%3De000xna%26amp%3BAN%3D179928%26amp%3Bsite%3Dehost-live%26amp%3Bscope%3Dsite%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Slave%20Religion%20%3A%20The%20%27Invisible%20Institution%27%20in%20the%20Antebellum%20South%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Albert%20J.%20Raboteau%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Twenty-five%20years%20after%20its%20original%20publication%2C%20Slave%20Religion%20remains%20a%20classic%20in%20the%20study%20of%20African%20American%20history%20and%20religion.%20In%20a%20new%20chapter%20in%20this%20anniversary%20edition%2C%20author%20Albert%20J.%20Raboteau%20reflects%20upon%20the%20origins%20of%20the%20book%2C%20the%20reactions%20to%20it%20over%20the%20past%20twenty-five%20years%2C%20and%20how%20he%20would%20write%20it%20differently%20today.%20Using%20a%20variety%20of%20first%20and%20second-hand%20sources--%20some%20objective%2C%20some%20personal%2C%20all%20riveting--%20Raboteau%20analyzes%20the%20transformation%20of%20the%20African%20religions%20into%20evangelical%20Christianity.%20He%20presents%20the%20narratives%20of%20the%20slaves%20themselves%2C%20as%20well%20as%20missionary%20reports%2C%20travel%20accounts%2C%20folklore%2C%20black%20autobiographies%2C%20and%20the%20journals%20of%20white%20observers%20to%20describe%20the%20day-to-day%20religious%20life%20in%20the%20slave%20communities.%20Slave%20Religion%20is%20a%20must-read%20for%20anyone%20wanting%20a%20full%20picture%20of%20this%26%23039%3Binvisible%20institution.%26%23039%3B%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-19-517413-7%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3De000xna%26AN%3D179928%26site%3Dehost-live%26scope%3Dsite%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T22%3A32%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K6ERVIKR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Adorno%20and%20Leppert%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAdorno%2C%20T.%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Leppert%2C%20R.%20D.%20G.%20%282002%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEssays%20on%20music%3A%20Theodor%20W.%20Adorno%26%23x202F%3B%3B%20selected%2C%20with%20introduction%2C%20commentary%2C%20and%20notes%20by%20Richard%20Leppert%26%23x202F%3B%3B%20new%20translations%20by%20Susan%20H.%20Gillespie%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20University%20of%20California%20Press.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Essays%20on%20music%3A%20Theodor%20W.%20Adorno%20%3B%20selected%2C%20with%20introduction%2C%20commentary%2C%20and%20notes%20by%20Richard%20Leppert%20%3B%20new%20translations%20by%20Susan%20H.%20Gillespie%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Theodor%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adorno%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20D.%20Gillespie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leppert%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-520-22672-2%20978-0-520-23159-7%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T21%3A17%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CME688SJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Adorno%20and%20Gillespie%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAdorno%2C%20T.%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Gillespie%2C%20S.%20H.%20%282002%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEssays%20on%20Music%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20University%20of%20California%20Press.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D6222227%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D6222227%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Essays%20on%20Music%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Theodor%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adorno%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susan%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gillespie%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-520-93615-7%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D6222227%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T21%3A16%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224N7XHKIJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Adorno%20and%20Hullot-Kentor%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAdorno%2C%20T.%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hullot-Kentor%2C%20R.%20%282006%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPhilosophy%20of%20new%20music%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20University%20of%20Minnesota%20Press.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Philosophy%20of%20new%20music%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Theodor%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adorno%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hullot-Kentor%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-8166-3666-2%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T20%3A37%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GPUC9CCC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Adorno%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAdorno%2C%20T.%20W.%20%28n.d.%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPhilosophy%20of%20new%20music%20%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Philosophy%20of%20new%20music%20%5C%2F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Theodor%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adorno%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-8166-3666-2%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T20%3A37%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229YFU98RM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Burnim%20and%20Maultsby%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBurnim%2C%20M.%20V.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maultsby%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282014%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAfrican%20American%20Music%3A%20An%20Introduction%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Taylor%20%26amp%3B%20Francis%20Group.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D1843415%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D1843415%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22African%20American%20Music%3A%20An%20Introduction%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mellonee%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burnim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Portia%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maultsby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22American%20Music%3A%20An%20Introduction%2C%20Second%20Edition%20is%20a%20collection%20of%20seventeen%20essays%20surveying%20major%20African%20American%20musical%20genres%2C%20both%20sacred%20and%20secular%2C%20from%20slavery%20to%20the%20present.%20With%20contributions%20by%20leading%20scholars%20in%20the%20field%2C%20the%20work%20brings%20together%20analyses%20of%20African%20American%20music%20based%20on%20ethnographic%20fieldwork%2C%20which%20privileges%20the%20voices%20of%20the%20music-makers%20themselves%2C%20woven%20into%20a%20richly%20textured%20mosaic%20of%20history%20and%20culture.%20At%20the%20same%20time%2C%20it%20incorporates%20musical%20treatments%20that%20bring%20clarity%20to%20the%20structural%2C%20melodic%2C%20and%20rhythmic%20characteristics%20that%20both%20distinguish%20and%20unify%20African%20American%20music.%20The%20second%20edition%20has%20been%20substantially%20revised%20and%20updated%2C%20and%20includes%20new%20essays%20on%20African%20and%20African%20American%20musical%20continuities%2C%20African-derived%20instrument%20construction%20and%20performance%20practice%2C%20techno%2C%20and%20quartet%20traditions.%20Musical%20transcriptions%2C%20photographs%2C%20illustrations%2C%20and%20a%20new%20audio%20CD%20bring%20the%20music%20to%20life.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-1-317-93443-1%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D1843415%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T20%3A26%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EMMSNYI7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-06-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJust%20Say%20Black%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%282021%2C%20June%209%29.%20Living%20Cities.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flivingcities.org%5C%2Fjust-say-black%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flivingcities.org%5C%2Fjust-say-black%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Just%20Say%20Black%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22I%20work%20in%20circles%20where%20we%20talk%20a%20lot%20about%20%5Cu201cpeople%20of%20color%5Cu201d%20%28POC%29.%20We%20discuss%20what%20POC%20need%20to%20thrive%20economically%2C%20how%20to%20support%20POC%20with%20resources%2C%20and%20of%20course%20we%20interrogate%20how%20racism%20affects%5Cu2026%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-06-09T15%3A53%3A19%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flivingcities.org%5C%2Fjust-say-black%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T20%3A16%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2269EVZGVW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kramer%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKramer%2C%20L.%20%282010%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BInterpreting%20Music%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20University%20of%20California%20Press.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D581278%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D581278%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Interpreting%20Music%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lawrence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kramer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-520-94736-8%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%5C%2Flib%5C%2Ftempleuniv-ebooks%5C%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D581278%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A49%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227YJUW7RT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BUnderstanding%20Music%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20Philosophy%20and%20Interpretation%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Retrieved%20September%201%2C%202024%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fweb-p-ebscohost-com.libproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Fehost%5C%2Febookviewer%5C%2Febook%5C%2FZTAwMHhuYV9fMTcxNzU3Nl9fQU41%3Fsid%3Dc6c83c69-b162-4d85-8af0-2a0cc97198c1%40redis%26amp%3Bvid%3D0%26amp%3Bformat%3DEB%26amp%3Blpid%3Dlp_3%26amp%3Brid%3D0%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fweb-p-ebscohost-com.libproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Fehost%5C%2Febookviewer%5C%2Febook%5C%2FZTAwMHhuYV9fMTcxNzU3Nl9fQU41%3Fsid%3Dc6c83c69-b162-4d85-8af0-2a0cc97198c1%40redis%26amp%3Bvid%3D0%26amp%3Bformat%3DEB%26amp%3Blpid%3Dlp_3%26amp%3Brid%3D0%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Understanding%20Music%20%3A%20Philosophy%20and%20Interpretation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fweb-p-ebscohost-com.libproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Fehost%5C%2Febookviewer%5C%2Febook%5C%2FZTAwMHhuYV9fMTcxNzU3Nl9fQU41%3Fsid%3Dc6c83c69-b162-4d85-8af0-2a0cc97198c1%40redis%26vid%3D0%26format%3DEB%26lpid%3Dlp_3%26rid%3D0%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A40%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22S5JCKAQI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Deborah%20Rambo%20Sinn%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BDeborah%20Rambo%20Sinn.%20%282013%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPlaying%20Beyond%20the%20Notes%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20A%20Pianist%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Guide%20to%20Musical%20Interpretation%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Oxford%20University%20Press.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bdb%3De000xna%26amp%3BAN%3D563854%26amp%3Bsite%3Dehost-live%26amp%3Bscope%3Dsite%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bdb%3De000xna%26amp%3BAN%3D563854%26amp%3Bsite%3Dehost-live%26amp%3Bscope%3Dsite%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Playing%20Beyond%20the%20Notes%20%3A%20A%20Pianist%27s%20Guide%20to%20Musical%20Interpretation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Deborah%20Rambo%20Sinn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Playing%20Beyond%20the%20Notes%3A%20A%20Pianist%26%23039%3Bs%20Guide%20to%20Musical%20Interpretation%20demystifies%20the%20complex%20concepts%20of%20musical%20interpretation%20in%20Western%20tonal%20piano%20music%20by%20boiling%20it%20down%20to%20basic%20principles%20in%20an%20accessible%20writing%20style.%20Author%20and%20veteran%20piano%20instructor%20Deborah%20Rambo%20Sinn%20tackles%20a%20different%20interpretive%20principle%2C%20explaining%20clearly%2C%20for%20example%2C%20how%20to%20play%20effective%20ornaments%20and%20rubatos.%20As%20a%20whole%2C%20the%20book%20helps%20pianists%20understand%20concrete%20ways%20to%20apply%20interpretive%20concepts%20to%20their%20own%20playing%20and%20gives%20teachers%20practical%20ways%20to%20teach%20interpretation%20to%20their%20students.%20The%20book%20is%20illustrated%20with%20over%20200%20repertoire%20excerpts%20and%20supplemented%20by%20a%20companion%20website%20with%20over%20100%20audio%20recordings.%20Playing%20Beyond%20the%20Notes%20is%20essential%20reading%20for%20all%20performing%20pianists%2C%20independent%20piano%20teachers%2C%20and%20piano%20pedagogy%20students.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-19-985950-4%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3De000xna%26AN%3D563854%26site%3Dehost-live%26scope%3Dsite%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A35%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EGCG76D8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rink%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRink%2C%20J.%20%28Ed.%29.%20%281995%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Practice%20of%20Performance%3A%20Studies%20in%20Musical%20Interpretation%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Cambridge%20University%20Press.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2FCBO9780511552366%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Practice%20of%20Performance%3A%20Studies%20in%20Musical%20Interpretation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rink%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20twelve%20essays%20in%20this%20volume%20reflect%20the%20most%20important%20trends%20in%20the%20study%20of%20musical%20performance.%20Three%20areas%20are%20investigated%3A%20the%20psychology%20of%20performance%2C%20the%20semantics%20of%20performance%2C%20and%20the%20relation%20between%20performance%20and%20analysis.%20The%20first%20section%20broaches%20fundamental%20issues%20such%20as%20text%2C%20expression%2C%20musical%20motion%20and%20the%20role%20of%20practice%20in%20the%20acquisition%20of%20expertise.%20The%20next%20four%20chapters%20address%20the%20shaping%20of%20structure%20and%20the%20projection%20of%20meaning%20in%20performance%2C%20while%20the%20last%20four%20consider%20performance%20as%20analytical%20paradigm%2C%20as%20dramatic%20narrative%2C%20as%20act%20of%20criticism%2C%20as%20temporal%20process.%20Among%20the%20distinguished%20international%20authorship%20are%20many%20accomplished%20performers%20whose%20practical%20experience%20ensures%20that%20the%20book%20contains%20vital%20and%20stimulating%20insights%20into%20the%20interpretation%20of%20music%2C%20and%20that%20it%20will%20speak%20to%20a%20wide%20musical%20audience.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-521-61939-4%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cambridge.org%5C%2Fcore%5C%2Fbooks%5C%2Fpractice-of-performance%5C%2F8E269BA8E1A7C2C6E94B0AF40D3E6875%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A32%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222RLFG4WA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Floyd%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BFloyd%2C%20S.%20A.%20%28c1995%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20power%20of%20Black%20music%3A%20interpreting%20its%20history%20from%20Africa%20to%20the%20United%20States%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Oxford%20University%20Press.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fhdl.handle.net%5C%2F2027%5C%2Fheb06332.0001.001%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fhdl.handle.net%5C%2F2027%5C%2Fheb06332.0001.001%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20power%20of%20Black%20music%3A%20interpreting%20its%20history%20from%20Africa%20to%20the%20United%20States%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samuel%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Floyd%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22c1995%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-19-508235-7%20978-0-19-510975-7%20978-0-19-802437-8%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fhdl.handle.net%5C%2F2027%5C%2Fheb06332.0001.001%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A30%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TTP94YMW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMusical%20interpretation%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20its%20laws%20and%20principles%2C%20and%20their%20application%20in%20teaching%20and%20performing%20%5C%2F%20by%20Tobias%20Matthay%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20HathiTrust.%20Retrieved%20September%201%2C%202024%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fhdl.handle.net%5C%2F2027%5C%2Fuc2.ark%3A%5C%2F13960%5C%2Ft43r0t64z%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D5%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fhdl.handle.net%5C%2F2027%5C%2Fuc2.ark%3A%5C%2F13960%5C%2Ft43r0t64z%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D5%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Musical%20interpretation%20%3A%20its%20laws%20and%20principles%2C%20and%20their%20application%20in%20teaching%20and%20performing%20%5C%2F%20by%20Tobias%20Matthay%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fhdl.handle.net%5C%2F2027%5C%2Fuc2.ark%3A%5C%2F13960%5C%2Ft43r0t64z%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D5%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A27%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223QALG992%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Silverman%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSilverman%2C%20M.%20%282008%29.%20A%20performer%26%23x2019%3Bs%20creative%20processes%3A%20implications%20for%20teaching%20and%20learning%20musical%20interpretation.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMusic%20Education%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B10%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20249%26%23x2013%3B269.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14613800802079114%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14613800802079114%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20performer%27s%20creative%20processes%3A%20implications%20for%20teaching%20and%20learning%20musical%20interpretation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marissa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Silverman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20purpose%20of%20this%20study%20is%20to%20investigate%20aspects%20of%20musical%20interpretation%20and%20suggest%20guidelines%20for%20developing%20performance%20students%26%23039%3B%20interpretative%20processes.%20Since%20musical%20interpretation%20involves%20basic%20issues%20concerning%20the%20nature%20of%20music%2C%20and%20competing%20concepts%20of%20%26%23039%3Binterpretation%26%23039%3B%20and%20its%20teaching%2C%20an%20overview%20of%20these%20issues%20is%20given.%20There%20is%20tendency%20towards%20vagueness%20and%20incompleteness%20in%20many%20writings%20on%20musical%20interpretation%2C%20which%20may%20stem%20from%20%281%29%20a%20lack%20of%20music%20education%20research%20that%20considers%20Music%20in%20Situ%20-%20a%20specific%20work%2C%20a%20specific%20performer%26%23039%3Bs%20interpretations%20of%20that%20work%2C%20and%20his%5C%2Fher%20performative%20realisations%20of%20the%20work%3B%20and%20%282%29%20a%20traditional%20tendency%20to%20compartmentalise%20the%20education%20of%20future%20performers%2C%20educators%2C%20and%20researchers%2C%20and%20their%20studies.%20In%20addressing%20some%20of%20the%20above%20issues%2C%20and%20probing%20the%20complex%20web%20of%20relationships%20involved%20in%20musical%20interpretation%2C%20several%20methods%20of%20research%20are%20used%3A%20case%20study%3B%20theoretical-historical%20musical%20analysis%3B%20narrative%20inquiry%3B%20music%20criticism%3B%20and%20music%20philosophy.%20The%20participant-artist%20in%20this%20study%20is%20a%20renowned%20Russian%20concert%20pianist%2C%20Gregory%20Haimovsky%3B%20the%20music%20under%20consideration%20is%20Chopin%26%23039%3Bs%20Op.%2024%2C%20No.%204.%20The%20study%20concludes%20with%20several%20interrelated%20suggestions%2C%20including%3A%20enabling%20students%20to%20create%20musically%20informed%2C%20artistic%2C%20and%20personal%20interpretations%20of%20musical%20works%20may%20be%20assisted%20by%3A%20%281%29%20broadening%20students%26%23039%3B%20general%20knowledge%20base%20beyond%20musical%20technique%3B%20%282%29%20advancing%20students%20self-efficacy%2C%20using%20constructivist%20teaching%20strategies%2C%20and%20creative%20democratic%20teaching-learning%20contexts%3B%20%283%29%20utilising%20interpretive%20processes%20that%20follow%20a%20whole-part-whole%20pattern%20of%20performing%2C%20analysing%20%28formal%2C%20historical%2C%20cultural%2C%20and%20other%20musical%20details%29%2C%20re-interpreting%2C%20intramusical%2C%20and%20intermusical%20listening%3B%20and%20%284%29%20considering%20that%20ethical%20issues%20are%20central%20in%20both%20performance%20teaching%20and%20musical%20interpretation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008-06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F14613800802079114%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2214613808%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flibproxy.temple.edu%5C%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%5C%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Deue%26AN%3D31930672%26site%3Dehost-live%26scope%3Dsite%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A21%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22J57KLBTF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Silverman%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSilverman%2C%20M.%20%282008%29.%20A%20performer%26%23x2019%3Bs%20creative%20processes%3A%20implications%20for%20teaching%20and%20learning%20musical%20interpretation.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMusic%20Education%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B10%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20249%26%23x2013%3B269.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14613800802079114%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14613800802079114%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20performer%27s%20creative%20processes%3A%20implications%20for%20teaching%20and%20learning%20musical%20interpretation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marissa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Silverman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%5C%2F2008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F14613800802079114%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221461-3808%2C%201469-9893%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14613800802079114%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A21%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EDG3TSYS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Carrier%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221983%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCarrier%2C%20D.%20%281983%29.%20Interpreting%20Musical%20Performances.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Monist%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B66%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20202%26%23x2013%3B212.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F27902801%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F27902801%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Interpreting%20Musical%20Performances%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carrier%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221983%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220026-9662%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F27902801%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A16%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TNJK3FA6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22%5Cu0160uvakovi%5Cu0107%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-12-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26%23x160%3Buvakovi%26%23x107%3B%2C%20M.%20%282005%29.%20Critical%20Questiones%20About%20Deconstrution%20or%20About%20De-Centring%20Of%20The%20Relation%20Between%20Philosophy%20And%20Music.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMusicological%20Annual%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B41%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%2071%26%23x2013%3B80.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.4312%5C%2Fmz.41.2.71-80%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.4312%5C%2Fmz.41.2.71-80%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Critical%20Questiones%20About%20Deconstrution%20or%20About%20De-Centring%20Of%20The%20Relation%20Between%20Philosophy%20And%20Music%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mi%5Cu0161ko%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22%5Cu0160uvakovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Entirely%20dissimilar%20endeavours%20of%20problematizing%20a%20canonic%20positioning%20of%20music%2C%20musicology%2C%20aesthetics%20and%20philosophy%20through%20self-comprehensiveness%20of%20a%20piece-as-a-source%20hoe%20et%20tunc%2C%20have%20led%20to%20criticism%20ar%20deconstruction%20of%20%26%23039%3Bself-comprehensiveness%26%23039%3B%20and%20%26%23039%3Bobjective%20autonomy%26%23039%3B%20of%20music%20as%20an%20art%2C%20and%20of%20a%20music%20piece%20as%20a%20carrier%20or%20a%20centred%20source%20of%20music%20as%20an%20art.%20Those%20scarce%20approaches%20can%20be%20specified%20from%20Adorno%26%23039%3Bs%20contextualization%20in%20critical%20theory%2C%20Jacques%20Attali%26%23039%3Bs%20developing%20the%20theory%20of%5Cu00a0%20exchange%2C%20to%20the%20New%20Musicology%20critiques%20oriented%20towards%20studies%20of%20culture%2C%20such%20as%20those%20of%20Richard%20Leppert%2C%20Susan%20McClary%20or%20Rose%20Rosengard%20Subotnik%2C%20which%20emphasize%20autonomy%20of%20music%2C%20or%20can%20be%20recognized%20in%20the%20psychoanalytical%20theorization%20of%20materialistic%20functions%5C%2Feffects%20of%20music%20and%20opera%2C%20such%20as%20of%20Mladen%20Dolar%20and%20Slavoj%20%5Cu017di%5Cu017eek.%20From%20the%20teachings%20on%20deconstruction%20of%20the%20philosopher%20Jacques%20Derrida%2C%20directly%20ar%20indirectly%20entirely%20different%20approaches%20and%20applications%20are%20drawn%2C%20concerning%20hybrid%20and%20plural%20acts%20of%20interpretation%20of%20the%20canonic%20positioning%5Cu00a0%20of%20music%2C%20musicology%2C%20aesthetics%20and%20philosophy.%20In%20the%20further%20text%20I%20shall%20dwell%20on%20identifying%20and%20interpreting%20of%20a%20problem-oriented%20approach%20to%20the%20canonic%20relation%20of%20music%2C%20musicology%2C%20aesthetics%20and%20philosophy.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005-12-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.4312%5C%2Fmz.41.2.71-80%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222350-4242%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.uni-lj.si%5C%2FMuzikoloskiZbornik%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fview%5C%2F5597%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ID34FNPQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-01T18%3A12%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MD82Y7N2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thompson%20and%20Held%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221983%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BThompson%2C%20J.%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Held%2C%20D.%20%28Eds.%29.%20%281983%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHabermas%3A%20critical%20debates%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28Repr%29.%20Macmillan.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Habermas%3A%20critical%20debates%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Held%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221983%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%229780333275498%209780333275511%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JFA725ZP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-28T17%3A02%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Z3RDN96H%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAlabama%20advances%20ban%20on%20discussing%20%26%23x201C%3Bdivisive%26%23x201D%3B%20race%20concepts%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%282023%2C%20April%2012%29.%20%5BNews%5D.%20Associated%20Press.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fapnews.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fdivisive-ban-racism-teaching-woke-471de05e320e27bcf3ef839be643bf72%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fapnews.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fdivisive-ban-racism-teaching-woke-471de05e320e27bcf3ef839be643bf72%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Alabama%20advances%20ban%20on%20discussing%20%27divisive%27%20race%20concepts%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22MONTGOMERY%2C%20Ala.%20%28AP%29%20%5Cu2014%20Alabama%20lawmakers%20on%20Wednesday%20advanced%20GOP-backed%20legislation%20to%20ban%20discussion%20of%20%5Cu201c%20divisive%20concepts%20%26quot%3B%20in%20classroom%20lessons%20and%20worker%20trainings%20on%20race%20and%20gender.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-04-12T22%3A21%3A35%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fapnews.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fdivisive-ban-racism-teaching-woke-471de05e320e27bcf3ef839be643bf72%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JFA725ZP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-28T16%3A45%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JMXW5SR7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sheppard%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-07-29%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSheppard%2C%20M.%20%282023%29.%20Legislating%20whiteness%3A%20an%20emotion%20discourse%20analysis%20of%20divisive%20concepts%20legislation.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPedagogy%2C%20Culture%20%26amp%3B%20Society%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B19.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14681366.2023.2242351%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14681366.2023.2242351%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Legislating%20whiteness%3A%20an%20emotion%20discourse%20analysis%20of%20divisive%20concepts%20legislation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sheppard%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-07-29%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F14681366.2023.2242351%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221468-1366%2C%201747-5104%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14681366.2023.2242351%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JFA725ZP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-20T15%3A07%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224KKBUGF5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Salvador%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSalvador%2C%20K.%2C%20Bohn%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Martin%2C%20A.%20%282023%29.%20Divisive%20concepts%20laws%20and%20music%20education%3A%20PK-20%20music%20educators%26%23x2019%3B%20perceptions%20and%20discourses.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BArts%20Education%20Policy%20Review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B17.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10632913.2023.2286598%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10632913.2023.2286598%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Divisive%20concepts%20laws%20and%20music%20education%3A%20PK-20%20music%20educators%5Cu2019%20perceptions%20and%20discourses%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salvador%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bohn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Martin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10632913.2023.2286598%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221063-2913%2C%201940-4395%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10632913.2023.2286598%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JFA725ZP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-20T14%3A57%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JK2DH3PH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dargan%20and%20Bullock%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221989%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BDargan%2C%20W.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bullock%2C%20K.%20W.%20%281989%29.%20Willie%20Mae%20Ford%20Smith%20of%20St.%20Louis%3A%20A%20Shaping%20Influence%20upon%20Black%20Gospel%20Singing%20Style.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBlack%20Music%20Research%20Journal%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B9%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20249%26%23x2013%3B270.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F779426%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F779426%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Willie%20Mae%20Ford%20Smith%20of%20St.%20Louis%3A%20A%20Shaping%20Influence%20upon%20Black%20Gospel%20Singing%20Style%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dargan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kathy%20White%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bullock%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221989%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F779426%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220276-3605%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F779426%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22H67VWLX2%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-12-28T22%3A08%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223B8X82VN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kempfer%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKempfer%2C%20B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BContemporary%20commercial%20music%20pedagogy%3A%20Selective%20exercises%20for%20developing%20healthy%20technique%20in%20adolescent%20singers%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%5BM.M.%2C%20The%20University%20of%20Wisconsin%20-%20Milwaukee%5D.%20Retrieved%20December%2028%2C%202023%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F1554688952%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F44776CA0E7324C71PQ%5C%2F1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F1554688952%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F44776CA0E7324C71PQ%5C%2F1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Contemporary%20commercial%20music%20pedagogy%3A%20Selective%20exercises%20for%20developing%20healthy%20technique%20in%20adolescent%20singers%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brittny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kempfer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20the%20developing%20world%20of%20vocal%20science%20there%20are%20still%20varying%20opinions%20on%20proper%20vocal%20techniques.%20The%20classical%20tradition%20has%20been%20developing%20for%20many%20centuries%2C%20however%2C%20the%20area%20of%20contemporary%20commercial%20music%20is%20still%20in%20its%20relative%20infancy%20by%20comparison.%20Contemporary%20commercial%20music%2C%20or%20CCM%2C%20refers%20to%20all%20other%20genres%20that%20are%20non-classical%20in%20nature%2C%20for%20example%3A%20musical%20theater%2C%20jazz%2C%20pop%2C%20country%2C%20folk%2C%20rock%2C%20and%20gospel.%5CnMany%20undergraduate%20vocal%20education%20programs%20are%20not%20addressing%20the%20pedagogical%20differences%20in%20approaches%20for%20CCM%20technique%20as%20compared%20to%20classical.%20This%20is%20causing%20educators%2C%20such%20as%20myself%2C%20to%20have%20no%20information%20about%20how%20to%20properly%20teach%20these%20techniques%20within%20the%20ever-growing%20non-traditional%20ensembles%20that%20are%20becoming%20more%20and%20more%20a%20part%20of%20choral%20programs%20around%20the%20country.%5CnThe%20purpose%20of%20this%20thesis%20is%20to%20develop%20a%20set%20of%20vocal%20exercises%20that%20can%20be%20used%20for%20adolescent%20singers%20to%20develop%20a%20healthy%20technique%20within%20CCM%20styles%2C%20mainly%20focusing%20on%20%60belt%26%23039%3B%20singing.%20This%20study%20used%20a%20qualitative%20approach%20that%20involved%20participation%20of%20four%20area%20high%20school%20choral%20directors%2C%20two%20current%20undergraduate%20vocal%20students%2C%20and%20one%20experienced%20vocal%20pedagogue.%20The%20investigation%20of%20current%20practices%20was%20done%20through%20interviews%20and%20observations%20of%20all%20participants%2C%20as%20well%20as%20through%20available%20literature%20on%20the%20subject%20matter.%5CnThe%20three%20main%20research%20questions%20that%20guided%20this%20process%20were%20based%20on%20understanding%20the%20differences%20in%20pedagogical%20approaches%20between%20classical%20and%20CCM%20music%2C%20as%20well%20as%20my%20own%20misunderstandings%20of%20%26%23039%3Bbelt%26%23039%3B%20voice%3A%20Main%20differences%20between%20CCM%20and%20classical%20pedagogy%2C%20what%20the%20%26%23039%3Bbelt%26%23039%3B%20voice%20is%20and%20how%20it%20is%20used%20in%20CCM%20music%2C%20and%20what%20exercises%20can%20be%20used%20with%20adolescents%20to%20develop%20a%20healthy%20CCM%20technique.%20Triangulation%20of%20the%20data%20helped%20to%20show%20that%20misconceptions%20and%20misinformation%20is%20guiding%20teachers%20in%20educating%20their%20students.%20The%20four%20teachers%20observed%20and%20interviewed%2C%20even%20though%20very%20knowledgeable%20in%20the%20area%20of%20classical%20vocal%20use%2C%20lacked%20a%20complete%20understanding%20of%20how%20to%20work%20with%20adolescent%20voices%20in%20the%20area%20of%20CCM.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22M.M.%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22The%20University%20of%20Wisconsin%20-%20Milwaukee%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F1554688952%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2F44776CA0E7324C71PQ%5C%2F1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22H67VWLX2%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-12-28T22%3A07%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226WJRFFLW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8034317%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mallory%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMallory%2C%20L.%20B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20choral%20singing%20of%20the%20Negro%20spiritual%20versus%20the%20singing%20of%20contemporary%20gospel%20without%20harming%20the%20vocal%20apparatus%3A%20A%20choral%20concept%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%5BD.M.A.%2C%20University%20of%20California%2C%20Los%20Angeles%5D.%20Retrieved%20December%2028%2C%202023%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F305341954%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2FE3A8D862F5A34FBEPQ%5C%2F1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F305341954%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2FE3A8D862F5A34FBEPQ%5C%2F1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20choral%20singing%20of%20the%20Negro%20spiritual%20versus%20the%20singing%20of%20contemporary%20gospel%20without%20harming%20the%20vocal%20apparatus%3A%20A%20choral%20concept%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lloyd%20Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mallory%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Because%20of%20vocal%20abuse%20and%20improper%20technique%20many%20accomplished%20singers%20now%20appear%20to%20have%20some%20indication%20of%20damaged%20vocals.%20Overall%20this%20could%20impact%20negatively%20the%20quality%20of%20the%20choral%20performance.%20In%20view%20of%20this%2C%20the%20purpose%20of%20this%20study%20is%20to%20identify%20concepts%20that%20will%20help%20the%20choral%20conductor%20to%20prevent%20damage%20to%20the%20voices%20in%20choirs%20while%20performing%20the%20Negro%20spiritual%20or%20contemporary%20gospel.%20Furthermore%2C%20this%20study%20will%20provide%20recommendations%20that%20will%20promote%20proper%20vocal%20health%20for%20the%20singer.%5CnThe%20singing%20of%20the%20Negro%20spiritual%20versus%20contemporary%20gospel%20from%20a%20choral%20perspective%20warrants%20careful%20consideration%20and%20study.%20Both%20genres%20are%20contrasting%20in%20their%20performance%20as%20well%20as%20their%20vocal%20production.%20Many%20choirs%20attempt%20to%20sing%20these%20genres%2C%20but%20lack%20the%20tonal%20colors%20and%20vocal%20stamina%20necessary%20to%20produce%20a%20tone%20stylistically%20required%20in%20these%20genres.%20From%20a%20performance%20perspective%20in%20the%20choral%20setting%2C%20ideas%20and%20concepts%20will%20be%20discussed%20in%20a%20concise%20approach.%20This%20document%20will%20focus%20on%20the%20vocal%5C%2Fchoral%20singing%20of%20both%20genres%20in%20their%20authenticity%20and%20ethnicity%20without%20abusing%20or%20harming%20the%20vocal%20apparatus.%5CnDuring%20the%20past%20decade%2C%20there%20has%20been%20an%20increase%20of%20school%2C%20college%2C%20church%20and%20community%20choirs%20programming%20Negro%20spirituals%20and%20contemporary%20gospel%20repertoire%20in%20concerts%20and%20in%20church%20worship%20services.%20Each%20conductor%20has%20a%20unique%20way%20of%20interpreting%20these%20two%20genres.%20This%20study%20is%20designed%20to%20provide%20a%20resource%20for%20the%20choral%20conductor.%20The%20findings%20of%20this%20dissertation%20are%20derived%20from%20extensive%20reading%20and%20research%20as%20well%20as%20from%20personal%20interviews%20with%20gospel%20and%20classical%20singers%2C%20choral%20directors%2C%20and%20voice%20instructors.%20The%20findings%20are%20summarized%20into%20two%20broad%20categories%20as%20they%20relate%20to%20the%20problem%20of%20inquiry%3A%20%281%29%20The%20observations%20that%20negatively%20impact%20on%20the%20voice%20are%20fatigue%20from%20improper%20techniques%20and%20improper%20vowel%20formation%3B%20%282%29%20The%20impact%20of%20the%20absence%20of%20or%20incorrect%20training%20of%20the%20singer%3B%20oversinging%20when%20the%20instruments%20are%20not%20properly%20balanced%20with%20the%20choir%20and%5C%2For%20voices.%20It%20is%20believed%20that%20these%20recommendations%2C%20when%20implemented%2C%20will%20improve%20and%20maintain%20an%20elevated%20level%20of%20music%20vocal%20artistry.%20Furthermore%2C%20this%20study%20will%20provide%20recommendations%20that%20will%20aid%20to%20promote%20good%20vocal%20health%20to%20the%20performers.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22D.M.A.%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22University%20of%20California%2C%20Los%20Angeles%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.proquest.com%5C%2Fdocview%5C%2F305341954%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2FE3A8D862F5A34FBEPQ%5C%2F1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22H67VWLX2%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-12-28T22%3A06%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Delaware Humanities. (2024, September 11). Bent But Not Broken: Discussing Racism and Equity in the America’s Choral Ecosystem - Delaware Humanities. https://dehumanities.org/event/bent-but-not-broken-discussing-racism-and-equity-in-the-americas-choral-ecosystem/
InWilmington. (2024, September 20). Bent But Not Broken 3.0. https://delawarescene.com/event/37512/bent-but-not-broken-30
Elevate Vocal Arts. (n.d.). Bent But Not Broken | Elevate Vocal Arts. Bent But Not Broken. Retrieved October 9, 2024, from https://elevatevocalarts.org/bent-but-not-broken/about
Sacred Music In Schools – NAfME. (n.d.). Https://Nafme.Org/. Retrieved September 23, 2024, from https://nafme.org/resource/sacred-music-in-schools/
Legg, A., & Philpott, C. (2015). An analysis of performance practices in African American gospel music: rhythm, lyric treatment and structures in improvisation and accompaniment. Popular Music, 34(2), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143015000264
Bernice Johnson Reagon. (2001). If You Don’t Go, Don’t Hinder Me : The African American Sacred Song Tradition. University of Nebraska Press. http://libproxy.temple.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=1398117&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Trineice Robinson-Martin. (2017). So You Want to Sing Gospel : A Guide for Performers. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. http://libproxy.temple.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e700xna&AN=1409581&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Morris, M. H., Webb, J. W., & Franklin, R. J. (2011). Understanding the Manifestation of Entrepreneurial Orientation in the Nonprofit Context - Michael H. Morris, Justin W. Webb, Rebecca J. Franklin, 2011. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 947–971. https://doi.org/https://doi-org.libproxy.temple.edu/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00453.x
Understanding the Manifestation of Entrepreneurial Orientation in the Nonprofit Context. (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2024, from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00453.x
Kim, P., & Bradach, J. (2012, Spring). Why More Nonprofits Are Getting Bigger. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 10(2), 15–16. https://www.proquest.com/docview/928570704/abstract/D7728122D48B47F0PQ/1
Gregory, A. G., & Howard, D. (2009, Fall). The Nonprofit Starvation Cycle. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 7(4), 49–53. https://www.proquest.com/docview/217173506/abstract/6F48679DD4AF46D2PQ/1
Calabrese, T. (2013). Running on Empty: The Operating Reserves of U.S. Nonprofit Organizations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 23(3), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21064
Bowman, W. (2011). Financial capacity and sustainability of ordinary nonprofits. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 22(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.20039
Richter, G. (2024). Serious Play: Towards a Philosophical Understanding of Interpretative Musical Performance. In S. McAuliffe (Ed.), Gadamer, Music, and Philosophical Hermeneutics (pp. 17–30). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41570-8_2
Getting Gospel Going. (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1177/0027432108326590
Covalle, W. A. (2022). Three Black Gospel Music Experts on Preparing, Teaching, and “Being” in the African American Aural-Oral Tradition. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 233, 48–68. https://doi.org/10.5406/21627223.233.03
Legg, A. (2010). A taxonomy of musical gesture in African American gospel music. Popular Music, 29(1), 103–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143009990407
Robinson-Martin, T. (2009). Popular Song and Music Theater: Performance Styles and Musical Characteristics of Black Gospel Music. Journal of Singing - The Official Journal of the National Association of Teachers of Singing, 65(5), 595–599. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1402960/abstract/61B27709E261430EPQ/1
Legg, A., & Philpott, C. (2015). An analysis of performance practices in African American gospel music: rhythm, lyric treatment and structures in improvisation and accompaniment. Popular Music, 34(2), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143015000264
Curtis, M. V., & Cloud, L. V. (1991). The African-American Spiritual: Traditions and Performance Practices. Choral Journal, 32(4), 15–22. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1306217628/citation/F32165540EA4441APQ/1
Richards-Greaves, G. R. (2016). “Say Hallelujah, Somebody” and “I Will Call upon the Lord”: An Examination of Call-and-Response in the Black Church. Western Journal of Black Studies, 40(3), 192–204. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2049976330/abstract/39E5434441064946PQ/1
Gates, H. L., Jr. (2021). The Black Church: This Is Our Story, This Is Our Song. Penguin Publishing Group. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6463324
Gecewicz, B. M., Kiana Cox, Jeff Diamant and Claire. (2021, February 16). Faith Among Black Americans. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/02/16/faith-among-black-americans/
Bulthuis, K. T. (2019). The Difference Denominations Made: Identifying the Black Church(es) and Black Religious Choices of the Early Republic. Religion and American Culture : R & AC, 29(2), 255–290. https://doi.org/10.1017/rac.2019.3
Cone, J. H. (1970). Black Consciousness and the Black Church: A Historical-Theological Interpretation. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 387, 49–55. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1036737
Black Consciousness and the Black Church: A Historical-Theological Interpretation. (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627038700107
Albert J. Raboteau. (2004). Slave Religion : The “Invisible Institution” in the Antebellum South: Vol. Updated ed. Oxford University Press. http://libproxy.temple.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=179928&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Adorno, T. W., & Leppert, R. D. G. (2002). Essays on music: Theodor W. Adorno ; selected, with introduction, commentary, and notes by Richard Leppert ; new translations by Susan H. Gillespie. University of California Press.
Adorno, T. W., & Gillespie, S. H. (2002). Essays on Music. University of California Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6222227
Adorno, T. W., & Hullot-Kentor, R. (2006). Philosophy of new music. University of Minnesota Press.
Adorno, T. W. (n.d.). Philosophy of new music /.
Burnim, M. V., & Maultsby, P. K. (2014). African American Music: An Introduction. Taylor & Francis Group. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1843415
Just Say Black. (2021, June 9). Living Cities. https://livingcities.org/just-say-black/
Kramer, L. (2010). Interpreting Music. University of California Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/detail.action?docID=581278
Deborah Rambo Sinn. (2013). Playing Beyond the Notes : A Pianist’s Guide to Musical Interpretation. Oxford University Press. http://libproxy.temple.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=563854&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Rink, J. (Ed.). (1995). The Practice of Performance: Studies in Musical Interpretation. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511552366
Floyd, S. A. (c1995). The power of Black music: interpreting its history from Africa to the United States. Oxford University Press. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb06332.0001.001
Musical interpretation : its laws and principles, and their application in teaching and performing / by Tobias Matthay. (n.d.). HathiTrust. Retrieved September 1, 2024, from https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t43r0t64z?urlappend=%3Bseq=5
Silverman, M. (2008). A performer’s creative processes: implications for teaching and learning musical interpretation. Music Education Research, 10(2), 249–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613800802079114
Silverman, M. (2008). A performer’s creative processes: implications for teaching and learning musical interpretation. Music Education Research, 10(2), 249–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613800802079114
Carrier, D. (1983). Interpreting Musical Performances. The Monist, 66(2), 202–212. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27902801
Šuvaković, M. (2005). Critical Questiones About Deconstrution or About De-Centring Of The Relation Between Philosophy And Music. Musicological Annual, 41(2), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.4312/mz.41.2.71-80
Thompson, J. B., & Held, D. (Eds.). (1983). Habermas: critical debates (Repr). Macmillan.
Alabama advances ban on discussing “divisive” race concepts. (2023, April 12). [News]. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/divisive-ban-racism-teaching-woke-471de05e320e27bcf3ef839be643bf72
Sheppard, M. (2023). Legislating whiteness: an emotion discourse analysis of divisive concepts legislation. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2023.2242351
Salvador, K., Bohn, A., & Martin, A. (2023). Divisive concepts laws and music education: PK-20 music educators’ perceptions and discourses. Arts Education Policy Review, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2023.2286598
Dargan, W. T., & Bullock, K. W. (1989). Willie Mae Ford Smith of St. Louis: A Shaping Influence upon Black Gospel Singing Style. Black Music Research Journal, 9(2), 249–270. https://doi.org/10.2307/779426
Kempfer, B. (n.d.). Contemporary commercial music pedagogy: Selective exercises for developing healthy technique in adolescent singers [M.M., The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee]. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from https://www.proquest.com/docview/1554688952/abstract/44776CA0E7324C71PQ/1
Mallory, L. B. (n.d.). The choral singing of the Negro spiritual versus the singing of contemporary gospel without harming the vocal apparatus: A choral concept [D.M.A., University of California, Los Angeles]. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from https://www.proquest.com/docview/305341954/abstract/E3A8D862F5A34FBEPQ/1

It’s Not You: It’s Your (Lack of) Capacity

It's Not You: It's Your (Lack of) Capacity

Many performing arts organizations are facing a familiar and exhausting pattern: stretched staff, constant burnout, stalled progress, and strategic plans that never quite get implemented. Leadership turnover, funding gaps, and unclear roles only make it harder to move forward. If your organization feels stuck in transition, overwhelmed by daily operations, or unclear on how to actually build capacity, you’re not alone—and you’re not the problem.

Continue reading

Art Under Fire: How to Fight Back When Your NEA Grant Is Terminated

Art Under Fire: How to Fight Back When Your NEA Grant Is Terminated

Nonprofit arts organizations across the country are reeling. In a stunning move, hundreds of previously awarded or pending grants from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were abruptly terminated on Friday, May 2, 2025. These notices hit inboxes just hours after the Trump administration unveiled a new federal budget proposal calling for the elimination of the NEA entirely.

Continue reading

Promising Practices for Creating a Comprehensive Diversity Plan

Some of the major concerns for any organization in today’s globalized world involve diversity and inclusion. An intentional and well-structured diversity plan fosters an inclusive environment that innovates, increases employee engagement, and boosts overall performance. According to the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), “employees at inclusive organizations report improved engagement, productivity, and retention rates” . Organizations planning for success create comprehensive diversity plans. Here are some promising practices to help you develop a diversity plan that will meld with your business and organizational goals.

1. Establish a Strong Foundation

Define Diversity and Set Clear Goals

Defining what diversity means to your organization should be the first thing one does. Diversity goes beyond race and gender into age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, ability or disability, and culture. It might be challenging to have these conversations, but once organizations define what they mean by diversity and clarify the diverse groups they will serve, they can then identify measurable objectives that are consistent with your organization’s mission and strategic priorities. It is also recommended that each organization sets “specific diversity targets for leadership roles to boost representation” . By clearly defining diversity, working towards representation, and setting precise objectives, organizations create a roadmap for a more inclusive future .

2. Conduct an Organizational Audit

Perform an audit of your organization’s diversity landscape. This will include demographic data collection on gender, race, ethnicity, and age, among other markers of diversity. Employee surveys, focus groups, and individual interviews provide rich insights into the experiences in the workplace and point to any gaps that need attention . Auditing diversity can “help companies identify their starting point and key areas for growth” . In addition to auditing your organization’s demographics, a culture and climate survey is necessary to understand your organization’s culture and climate in relation to diversity and inclusion. Many organizations are hesitant to send these surveys as they fear the responses that they will receive in response. Organizations should not be fearful to conduct a culture and climate survey. Rather, organizational leaders should see this as an opportunity to invest in their workforce and an opportunity to increase innovation, creativity, and productivity.

3. Develop a Clear, Comprehensive, and Actionable Diversity Plan

Create an Actionable Roadmap
Based on the audit and culture/climate findings, formulate a concrete action plan. This would spell out the step or steps that will be necessary in encouraging greater equity and inclusion, who will assume responsibility for carrying out such steps, and what resources are necessary to enact this important work. A diversity plan should not be static; it must keep pace with the growth of the organization and evolve in order to goals set by the organization . SHRM advises defining “clear metrics for progress assessment” to keep track of success over time.

Form a Diversity and Inclusion Committee

A diversity and inclusion committee or team is instrumental in driving diversity initiatives forward. Membership of such a committee typically includes a diverse group of employees who can provide meaningful input, hold others accountable, and help keep diversity initiatives at the forefront. This helps organizations make smarter decisions by taking into consideration a wide array of different perspectives and advances the actual execution of diversity goals .

4. Design Inclusive Policies and Practices

An effective diversity plan requires the cultivation of inclusive policies, practices, and procedures that support the organization in meeting the set diversity goals. It is essential to review and update policies consistently so that they are aligned with the diversity plan’s outcomes, metrics, values, and priorities. Diversity plans often engage HR departments and officers to ensure that hiring practices are equitable, and that fair compensation structures are equitable. Halpin recommends ensuring “accessibility in all policies and processes to accommodate different needs and backgrounds.”

5. Implement and Sustain Your Comprehensive Diversity Plan

Ongoing Education and Training

Diversity and inclusion are, in fact, ongoing learning processes. Regular unconscious bias training, cultural competency, and inclusive leadership must be a requirement throughout the organization. Ongoing training supports individuals and organizations in developing a deeper understanding of diverse perspectives, histories, and systemic issues related to race, equity, and inclusion. This is essential for fostering environments that are inclusive and equitable.

Promote Accessibility and Inclusion

Your workplace should be accessible to all, free from othering due to a person’s abilities or identity. Making physical environments accessible is one step, but you also need to consider cultural practices and diverse ways people prefer to communicate in everyday operations. Implementing universal design principles ensures that all physical spaces are designed to be accessible to people with disabilities. This includes ramps, elevators, wide doorways, and accessible restrooms. When we design physical spaces for accessibility, a ramp benefits not only someone in a wheelchair but also a father pushing a stroller or a harpist moving their instrument into a concert hall. The principle of universal design can be used to curate policies and practices in organizations and extend beyond designing for physical access. True universal design acknowledges the principle that when we design or create systems with inclusive practices in mind, all individuals benefit.

By addressing both physical and cultural aspects of accessibility and inclusion, organizations can create a workplace where all employees feel valued, respected, and empowered to contribute fully and authentically.

6. Measure Progress and Make Adjustments

To ensure any diversity plan is comprehensive and effective, it is important to measure the progress of your diversity plan consistently. Certain key metrics, such as whether the makeup of your workforce is diversifying or whether employee satisfaction is improving, may indicate the efficacy of your plan. Organizations must solicit feedback from employees and be willing to make adjustments. Diversity and inclusion are ongoing processes that require “constant reflection and modification” .

Conclusion

Creating a comprehensive diversity plan is much more than checking a box; it’s a long-term commitment to fostering a workplace where all voices can be heard and valued. By laying a sound foundation, an organizational audit, and clear and actionable steps, an organization can build a solid culture of inclusion-one that fuels innovation and growth. It is important to understand that the journey toward greater diversity and inclusion is ongoing, requiring adaptability and openness to change . If you need help in your journey or creating a comprehensive diversity plan, please know that Equity Sings here for you!

References

{8034317:8M66MMF6};{8034317:BH72NUPJ};{8034317:5JX9HPBE};{8034317:HRC9BGHG};{8034317:HRC9BGHG};{8034317:5JX9HPBE};{8034317:8M66MMF6};{8034317:HRC9BGHG};{8034317:KUD5SM8V};{8034317:8EVBKDF3};{8034317:8EVBKDF3} apa creator asc 0 1773